Wisdom

Wisdom, sapience, or sagacity is the interpretation of knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense, and insight.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Wisdom is associated with compromise, intellectual humility, acceptance of uncertainty, and a cosmopolitanism of what is Good.^[6] Wisdom contains virtues such as ethics and benevolence.^[7]^[8] Wisdom is often personified as femininity (e.g., Athena).^[3]

Wisdom has been defined in many different ways,^[6]^[9]^[7] and there are several distinct approaches to assessing the characteristics attributed to wisdom.^[10]^[11]

^ Kekes, John (1983). "Wisdom". American Philosophical Quarterly. 20 (3): 277–86. Retrieved 18 July 2024. In descriptive knowledge one knows facts; in interpretive knowledge one knows the significance of the descriptively known facts.
^ "Wisdom". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge Dictionary. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. the ability to use your knowledge and experience to make good decisions and judgments[.]
^ ^a ^b "Wisdom". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2024. judging rightly in matters relating to life and conduct; soundness of judgement in the choice of means and ends; sometimes, less strictly, sound sense [...] Personified (almost always as feminine) [...] Knowledge (esp. of a high or abstruse kind); enlightenment, learning, erudition
^ "Wise". Dictionary.com. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. power of discerning and judging [...] what is true or right; possessing discernment, judgment, or discretion [...] judicious or prudent [...] learned; erudite [...] informed[.]
^ "Wise". Merriam Webster. Merriam Webster. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. deep understanding, keen discernment, and a capacity for sound judgment [...] Prudent [...] Knowing [...] Crafty, Shrewd [...] Insolent[.]
^ ^a ^b Grossmann, Igor (2017). "Wisdom in Context". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 12 (2). doi:10.1177/1745691616672066. PMID 28346113. S2CID 26818408. Retrieved 18 July 2024. Compromise [...] Intellectual humility [...] Recognition of uncertainty and change [...] Others' perspectives / broader contexts
^ ^a ^b Staudinger, U.M.; Glück, J. (2011). "Psychological wisdom research: Commonalities and differences in a growing field". Annual Review of Psychology. 62: 215–241. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131659. PMID 20822439.
^ Walsh, Roger (June 2015). "What Is wisdom? Cross-cultural and cross-Disciplinary Syntheses". Review of General Psychology. 19 (3): 178–293. doi:10.1037/gpr0000045. S2CID 146383832.
^ Trowbridge, R.H. (May 2011). "Waiting for Sophia: 30 years of Conceptualizing Wisdom in Empirical Psychology". Research in Human Development. 8 (2): 111–117. doi:10.1080/15427609.2011.568872. S2CID 145371442.
^ Glück, J. (October 2018). "Measuring Wisdom: Existing Approaches, Continuing Challenges, and New Developments". The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 73 (8): 1393–1403. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx140. PMC 6178965. PMID 29281060.
^ Brienza, J.P.; Kung, F.Y.H.; Santos, H.; Bobocel, D.R.; Grossmann, I. (2017). "Wisdom, Bias, and Balance: Toward a Process-Sensitive Measurement of Wisdom-Related Cognition". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 115 (6): 1093–1126. doi:10.1037/pspp0000171. PMID 28933874. S2CID 29052539.

[1] Kekes, John (1983). "Wisdom". American Philosophical Quarterly. 20 (3): 277–86. Retrieved 18 July 2024. In descriptive knowledge one knows facts; in interpretive knowledge one knows the significance of the descriptively known facts.

[2] "Wisdom". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge Dictionary. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. the ability to use your knowledge and experience to make good decisions and judgments[.]

[Personified-3] "Wisdom". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2024. judging rightly in matters relating to life and conduct; soundness of judgement in the choice of means and ends; sometimes, less strictly, sound sense [...] Personified (almost always as feminine) [...] Knowledge (esp. of a high or abstruse kind); enlightenment, learning, erudition

[4] "Wise". Dictionary.com. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. power of discerning and judging [...] what is true or right; possessing discernment, judgment, or discretion [...] judicious or prudent [...] learned; erudite [...] informed[.]

[5] "Wise". Merriam Webster. Merriam Webster. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. deep understanding, keen discernment, and a capacity for sound judgment [...] Prudent [...] Knowing [...] Crafty, Shrewd [...] Insolent[.]

[:0-6] Grossmann, Igor (2017). "Wisdom in Context". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 12 (2). doi:10.1177/1745691616672066. PMID 28346113. S2CID 26818408. Retrieved 18 July 2024. Compromise [...] Intellectual humility [...] Recognition of uncertainty and change [...] Others' perspectives / broader contexts

[:2-7] Staudinger, U.M.; Glück, J. (2011). "Psychological wisdom research: Commonalities and differences in a growing field". Annual Review of Psychology. 62: 215–241. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131659. PMID 20822439.

[Walsh2015-8] Walsh, Roger (June 2015). "What Is wisdom? Cross-cultural and cross-Disciplinary Syntheses". Review of General Psychology. 19 (3): 178–293. doi:10.1037/gpr0000045. S2CID 146383832.

[Trowbridge2011-9] Trowbridge, R.H. (May 2011). "Waiting for Sophia: 30 years of Conceptualizing Wisdom in Empirical Psychology". Research in Human Development. 8 (2): 111–117. doi:10.1080/15427609.2011.568872. S2CID 145371442.

[10] Glück, J. (October 2018). "Measuring Wisdom: Existing Approaches, Continuing Challenges, and New Developments". The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 73 (8): 1393–1403. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx140. PMC 6178965. PMID 29281060.

[:1-11] Brienza, J.P.; Kung, F.Y.H.; Santos, H.; Bobocel, D.R.; Grossmann, I. (2017). "Wisdom, Bias, and Balance: Toward a Process-Sensitive Measurement of Wisdom-Related Cognition". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 115 (6): 1093–1126. doi:10.1037/pspp0000171. PMID 28933874. S2CID 29052539.

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