Woodward's rules

Woodward's rules, named after Robert Burns Woodward and also known as Woodward–Fieser rules (for Louis Fieser) are several sets of empirically derived rules which attempt to predict the wavelength of the absorption maximum (λ_max) in an ultraviolet–visible spectrum of a given compound. Inputs used in the calculation are the type of chromophores present, the auxochromes (substituents on the chromophores, and solvent.^[1]^[2] Examples are conjugated carbonyl compounds,^[3]^[4]^[5] conjugated dienes,^[3]^[6] and polyenes.^[3]^[5]

^ Woodward, Robert Burns (1941). "Structure and the Absorption Spectra of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63 (4): 1123–1126. doi:10.1021/ja01849a066.
^ Louis F. Fieser; Mary Fieser; Srinivasa Rajagopalan (1948). "Absorption Spectroscopy and the Structures of the Diosterols". J. Org. Chem. 13 (6): 800–6. doi:10.1021/jo01164a003. PMID 18106021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mehta, Akul (5 Aug 2012). "Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy – Woodward–Fieser Rules to Calculate Wavelength of Maximum Absorption (Lambda-max) of Conjugated Carbonyl Compounds". PharmaXChange.info.
^ Neil Glagovich (2007-07-19). "Woodward's Rules for Conjugated Carbonyl Compounds". Central Connecticut State University. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
^ ^a ^b William Reusch. "UV–Visible Spectroscopy". VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. Michigan State University.
^ Neil Glagovich (2007-07-19). "Woodward–Fieser Rules for Dienes". Central Connecticut State University. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-05.