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Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового | |||||||||||
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| 1552–1775 | |||||||||||
  Flag | |||||||||||
 Historical map of the Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate (dark green) and of the territory of the Zaporozhian Cossacks (purple) under the rule of the Russian Empire (1751) | |||||||||||
| Status | De facto independent[1] De jure vassal of:
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| Capital | Sich (various locations in Zaporozhia) | ||||||||||
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox | ||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Zaporozhtsi (Zaporozhians), Sichovyky (Sich Cossacks),[2] Rusyny (Ruthenians),[3] Ukraintsi (Ukrainians),[4] Nyzovyky (members of Lower host)[5] | ||||||||||
| Government | Cossack Republic | ||||||||||
| Kish otaman | |||||||||||
• 1552-1563 | Baida Vyshnevetsky (founder of Khortytsia castle) | ||||||||||
• 1765-1775 | Petro Kalnyshevskyi (last) | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||||
• Established | 1552 | ||||||||||
| 1775 | |||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||
• 1650 estimate | 100,000[6] | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | Ukraine | ||||||||||
| History of Ukraine |
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| Topics |
| Reference |
The Zaporozhian Sich (Ukrainian: Запорозька Січ, Polish: Sicz Zaporoska, Zaporozka Sich; also Ukrainian: Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового, romanized: Volnosti Viiska Zaporozkoho Nyzovoho, lit. 'Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower')[7] was a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state[8] of Zaporozhian Cossacks that existed between the 16th to 18th centuries, for the latter part of that period as an autonomous stratocratic state within the Cossack Hetmanate.[9][10][11] The lands of Zaporozhian Sich were centred around the Great Meadow region of Ukraine, spanning the lower Dnieper river. In different periods the area came under the sovereignty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire, the Tsardom of Russia, and the Russian Empire.
The establishment of Zaporozhian Sich was an important factor in defense of Ukraine and Russia from Crimean-Nogai raids.[12] In c. 1650, its total population consisted of 100,000. In 1657–1687, Zaporizhian Sich was practically independent, possessing its own administration and armed forces consisting of 12,000–20,000 Cossacks. It was reliant on population growth, mainly consisting of Ukrainian refugees from devastated lands.[6]
In 1775, shortly after Russia annexed the territories ceded to it by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), Catherine the Great disbanded the Sich. She incorporated its territory into the Russian province of Novorossiya.
The term Zaporozhian Sich can also refer metonymically and informally to the whole military-administrative organisation of the Zaporozhian Cossack host.
- ^ Kondufor 1986, p. 43.
- ^ "січовики". Retrieved 4 June 2025.
- ^ "Чи можна називати запорозьких козаків - українцями?" (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 June 2025.
- ^ Бартоломей Зиморович. "Памʼять війни турецької, року 1621-го польським народом перенесеної..." (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 June 2025.
- ^ "НИЗОВИК" (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 June 2025.
- ^ a b Палій 2017, p. 375.
- ^ Mytsyk, Yu (2003). "Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового" [Freedoms of the Zaporozhian Lowland Army]. Енциклопедія історії України [Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian).
- ^ Essen (2018), p. 83.
- ^ Okinshevych, Lev; Zhukovsky, Arkadii (1989). "Hetman state". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 2. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
- ^ Smoliy, Valeriy (1991). Українська козацька держава [The Ukrainian Cossack State] (PDF). Ukrainian Historical Journal (in Ukrainian) (4). ISSN 0130-5247. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^ Saltovskiy, Oleksandr (2002). КОНЦЕПЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВНОСТІ В ІСТОРІЇ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОЇ ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ДУМКИ (від витоків до початку XX сторіччя) [CONCEPTS OF UKRAINIAN STATEHOOD IN THE HISTORY OF DOMESTIC POLITICAL THOUGHT (from its origins to the beginning of the XX century)]. litopys.org.ua (in Ukrainian). Kyiv. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Kondufor 1986, p. 46.
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