Back حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي (سوريا) Arabic حزب البعث العربى الاشتراكى (سوريا) ARZ Ərəb Sosialist Bəəs Partiyası – Suriya Regionu Azerbaijani سوریه‌نین بعث حیزبی AZB Сирийска Баас партия Bulgarian Baath-Partei (Syrien) German Αραβικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Μπάαθ – Περιφέρεια Συρίας Greek Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region English Partido Baaz Árabe Socialista (Siria) Spanish حزب بعث سوسیالیست عرب – منطقه سوریه Persian

Parti Baas syrien

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Pour le parti panarabe Baas, dirigé par le Baas de Syrie mais qui a des succursales dans plusieurs pays et les factions baasistes liés à l'idéologie du Baas syrien, voir Parti Baas (faction dominée par les Syriens).

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Ne doit pas être confondu avec Parti Baas irakien.

Parti arabe socialiste Baas
حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي
Image illustrative de l’article Parti Baas syrien
Logotype officiel.
Présentation
Organe directeur Commandement central (en) (à partir de 2018)[1]
Fondation
Siège Damas, Syrie
Secrétaire général Bachar el-Assad
Hilal Hilal (en) (adjoint)[2]
Journal Al-Thawra (en)[3],[4] et Al-Ba'th[5]
Organisation de jeunesse Union révolutionnaire de la jeunesse[6]
Organisation étudiante Union nationale des étudiants
Ba’ath Vanguards[7]
Branche paramilitaire Brigades du Baas (2012-2018)[8],[9]
Slogan « Unité, liberté, socialisme »[10]
Positionnement Extrême gauche[11]
Idéologie Néo-baasisme

Historiquement :

Affiliation nationale Front national progressiste[48]
Affiliation régionale Parti Baas socialiste arabe
Adhérents 1 200 000 (estimation, 2010)[49]
Couleurs Noir, rouge, blanc et vert (couleurs panarabes)
Site web www.baathparty.sy
Représentation
Assemblée du peuple
167  /  250
Conseil des ministres
8  /  30
modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle
Drapeau du Parti Baas syrien.

Le parti socialiste arabe Baas (arabe : حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي, romanisé : Ḥizb al-Ba'th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī ; ba'th signifiant « résurrection »), également appelé le mouvement baasiste pro-syrien, est un parti politique néo-baasiste avec des branches à travers le monde arabe fondé le 7 avril 1947 par Michel Aflak, Salah Eddine Bitar et les partisans de Zaki al-Arsouzi. Le parti a dirigé la Syrie de manière continue depuis le coup d'État syrien de 1963 qui a porté les baasistes au pouvoir. C'était d'abord la branche régionale du parti Baas d'origine (1947–1966) avant de changer d'allégeance au mouvement Baas dominé par la Syrie (depuis 1966) à la suite de la scission de 1966 au sein du parti Baas d'origine. Depuis leur montée au pouvoir en 1963, les officiers néo-baasistes ont procédé en écrasant les élites civiles traditionnelles et fondant un régime s'appuyant sur les théories de Zaki al-Arsouzi dans lequel toutes les agences de l'État, les organisations du parti, les institutions publiques, les entités civiles, les médias et les infrastructures de santé sont étroitement dominées par l'establishment de l'armée et le Mukhabarat (services de renseignement).

  1. ↑ Federal Research Division (2004). Syria: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. p. 215. (ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7).
  2. ↑ « Syria Comment » [archive du ] (consulté le )
  3. ↑ « Syria » [archive du ], sur Arab Press Network (consulté le )
  4. ↑ Tucker, Spencer et Roberts, Priscillia Mary, The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History, ABC-CLIO, , 183–184 (ISBN 978-1-85109-841-5)
  5. ↑ David Commins et David W. Lesch, Historical Dictionary of Syria, Scarecrow Press, (ISBN 978-0-8108-7966-9, lire en ligne), p. 252
  6. ↑ أحدث أخبار وفعاليات منظمة اتحاد شبيبة الثورة (Les dernières nouvelles et les événements de l'Union de la jeunesse révolutionnaire).
  7. ↑ (en) « Syria’s Conflicting Powers Develop Separate Education Curriculums », sur Atlantic Council, (consulté le )
  8. ↑ Edward Dark, « Pro-regime Sunni fighters in Aleppo defy sectarian narrative », Al Monitor,‎ (lire en ligne, consulté le )
  9. ↑ (en-US) « Source: The "Tiger" Cancels the Contracts of 6500 of Its Troops throughout Syria », sur Enab Baladi, (consulté le )
  10. ↑ Perthes, Volker (1997). The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad. I.B. Tauris. p. 156. (ISBN 1-86064-192-X).
  11. ↑ Sources multiples :
    • Jovan Cavoški, Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History, UK, Bloomsburry, , 101 p. (ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5) :

      « "Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit." »

    • Adeed I. Dawisha, Syria and the Lebanese Crisis, London, UK, Macmillan Press Ltd, , 45 p. (ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5), « 3: External and Internal Setting » :

      « "The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers." »

    • The Israel Economist, vol. 26-27, University of Minnesota, Kollek & Son, Limited, , 61 p. :

      « "The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism." »

    • Jacob Abadi, Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy, London, UK, Frank Class Publishers, , 22 p. (ISBN 0-7146-5576-7) :

      « "radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria." »

    • Kamel S. Abu Jaber, The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization, Syracuse, New York, USA, Syracuse University Press, , xii-xiii, 33-47, 75-97 (LCCN 66-25181) :

      « "The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party." »

    • Derek Hopwood, Syria 1945-1986 : Politics and Society, Routledge, , 45–46, 73–75, 90 (ISBN 9781317818427, DOI 10.4324/9781315818955) :

      « "The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between ‘moderates’ and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state." »

    • Christopher Phillips, The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East, London, UK, Yale Unviersity Press, , 11 p. (ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9, lire en ligne) :

      « " In 1963.. the socialist Ba’ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform" »

    • Alekseĭ Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism, University of Michigan, USA, Ithaca Press, , 63, 76 (ISBN 978-0863721687, lire en ligne) :

      « "Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria’s rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a “people’s war”) were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders."" »

    • James Climent, World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, New York, Routledge, , 2nd éd. (ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0, lire en ligne), p. 383 :

      « "influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963" »

  12. ↑ Korany, Baghat; Dessouki, Ali (2010). The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 423–424. (ISBN 978-977-416-360-9).
  13. ↑ Viorst, Milton (1995). Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World. Syracuse University Press. p. 146. (ISBN 978-0224033237).
  14. ↑ The Israel Economist, vol. 26-27, University of Minnesota, Kollek & Son, Limited, , 61 p. :

    « "The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism." »
  15. ↑ (en) « Syrian nationalism is all about masculinity », The Conversation,‎ (lire en ligne, consulté le ) :

    « And just as these ideas are at the forefront of the Syrian conflict, they will be very familiar to any ordinary Syrian. Assad’s invigorated nationalism is a highly amplified and intensified version of the same nationalist ideology that we have all experienced over the last four decades. »
  16. ↑ Mordechai Nisan, Politics and War in Lebanon: Unraveling the Enigma, 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA, , 93–116 p. (ISBN 978-1-4128-5667-6), « 5: Syria: The Occupation of Lebanon »
  17. ↑ (en) Christopher Phillips, The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East, London, UK, , 11 p. (ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9, lire en ligne)
  18. ↑ (en) Karim Atassi, Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes, New York, NY 10006, USA, , 259-262, 382 (ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5, DOI 10.1017/9781316872017)
  19. ↑ (en) Karim Atassi, Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes, New York, NY 10006, USA, , 262, 344 (ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5, DOI 10.1017/9781316872017)
  20. ↑ (en) Spencer C. Tucker, U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century, vol. 1, California, USA, , 135, 136 (ISBN 978-1-4408-3878-1), « Baath party »
  21. ↑ Al-Maaloli, Dr Raymon (Apr 28, 2016). The Ideology of Authority: 50 Years of Education in Syria [إيديولوجية السلطة: خمسون عاماً على التعليم في سوريا]. Fikra Forum: An initiative of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Policy Analysis Articles & Op-Eds. "Syria’s 1973 constitution makes this connection explicit... Article 21 of the constitution defines the purpose of the educational system as, “Creating a socialist nationalist Arab generation which is scientifically minded and attached to its history and land, proud of its heritage, and filled with the spirit of struggle to achieve its nation's objectives of unity, freedom, and socialism, and to serve humanity and its progress.”"
  22. ↑ Esther Meininghaus, Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State, I. B. Tauris, , 1–33 p. (ISBN 978-1-78453-115-7), « Introduction »
  23. ↑ Youssef M. Choueiri et Valentine M. Moghadem, A Companion to the History of the Middle East, West Sussex, UK, Wiley Blackwell, , 427 p. (ISBN 978-1-4051-8379-6), « 22: Modernizing Women in the Middle East »
  24. ↑ Charles, Kenneth K. Wilber, P. Jameson et Fred Gottheil, Socialist Models of Development, Oxford 0X3 OBW, England, Pergamon Press, , 825–836 p. (ISBN 0-08-027921-X), « Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal »
  25. ↑ Steven Heydemann, Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, New York 14850, USA, Cornell University Press, , 84–104 p. (ISBN 0-8014-2932-3), « 4: Building the Institutions of Populist Authoritarian Rule »
  26. ↑ Hilda, Janet Kahne, Z. Giele et Valentine M. Moghadem, Women's Work and Women's Lives: The Continuing Struggle Worldwide, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, Routledge, , 89–90 p. (ISBN 978-0-8133-0636-0), « 5: Women, Employment, and Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa »
  27. ↑ Mansoor Moaddel, Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse, Chicago, USA, University of Chicago Press, , 6–7 p. (ISBN 0-226-53332-8), « Introduction: Sociological Theories of Ideology and Cultural Change »
  28. ↑ Shireen, Huma T. Hunter, Malik, Modernization, Democracy, and Islam, Praegar Publishers, , 106–107 p. (ISBN 0-275-98511-3)
  29. ↑ Jan-Erik, Hamadi Lane, Redissi, Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization, Surrey, GU9 7PT, England, Ashgate, , 2nd éd., 188 p. (ISBN 978-0-7546-7418-4), « 13: Islam and Politics: Where the Principal Difficulty of Post-modernity Lies »
  30. ↑ CIA, « SYRIA'S RULERS AND THEIR POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT » (consulté le )
  31. ↑ Stevem Heydemann et Volker Perthes, War, Institutions, and Social Change in the Middle East, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA, University of California Press, , 151–156 p. (ISBN 0-520-22421-3), « 5: State Building, National Security and War Preparation in Syria »
  32. ↑ Magdalena Suerbaum, Masculinities and Displacement in the Middle East: Syrian Refugees in Egypt, New York, NY 10018, USA, I.B Tauris, , 23–52 p. (ISBN 978-1-8386-0404-2), « 1: Being a man vis-a-vis Militarization, War and the Uprising »
  33. ↑ Ugur Umit Ungor, Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, , 1st éd., 1–21 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-882524-1), « 1: Introduction »
  34. ↑ Luis Fleischman, The Middle East Riddle: A Study of the Middle East Peace Process and Israeli-Arab Relations in Current Times, New Academia Publishing, (ISBN 978-1-7333980-8-4, LCCN 2020922086, lire en ligne), « 3: Arab World and the Peace Process »
  35. ↑ John Galvani, « Syria and the Baath Party », MERIP Reports, no 25,‎ , p. 3–16 (DOI 10.2307/3011567, JSTOR 3011567, lire en ligne)
  36. ↑ David Roberts, The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge, , Routledge Library Editions: Syria éd., 83, 140, 153 (ISBN 978-0-415-83882-5) :

    « "history of Syria shows that they were not enough to reconcile Islamic ideas of political obligation and the notion of a secular state...Neo-Ba'thists had brought in sectarianism and Marxist theory and had wrung from 'Aflaq the concessions to their views in the Muntalaqat." »
  37. ↑ Christopher Solomon, In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, New York, NY 10018, USA, I.B. Tauris, , 43, 56, 70 (ISBN 978-1-8386-0640-4)
  38. ↑ Ziad Awad, The 2022 Syrian Local Elections: A Leadership Rooted in Regime Networks, Via dei Roccettini 9, I-50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy, European University Institute, , 11 p. (ISBN 978-92-9466-358-0, DOI 10.2870/52247), chap. 1
  39. ↑ Laure Guirguis et Matthieu Rey, Arab Lefts: Histories and Legacies, 1950s-1970s, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ, UK, Edinburgh University Press, , 57–75 p. (ISBN 978-1-4744-5423-0), « Free Elections versus Authoritarian Practices: What Baathists Fought For »
  40. ↑ (en) « Ba'ath Party | History, Ideology, & Movement | Britannica », sur www.britannica.com (consulté le )
  41. ↑ « How Is Syria Ruled? », sur The Washington Institute
  42. ↑ https://countrystudies.us/syria/54.htm
  43. ↑ https://newlinesmag.com/argument/why-the-us-far-right-loves-bashar-al-assad/
  44. ↑ (en) « SYRIA'S CHALLENGES AFTER THE ELECTION YEAR IS BASHAR AL-ASAD PART OF THE PROBLEM OR PART OF THE SOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST? », sur scielo.org
  45. ↑ Walt, Stephen, The Origins of Alliances, Cornell University Press, (ISBN 978-0-8014-9418-5), « 3:From the Baghdad Pact to the Six Day War », p. 87-88 :

    « "yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad.." »
  46. ↑
    • Mohammed El-attrache, The Political Philosophy of Michel Aflaq and the Ba'th Party in Syria, Norman, Oklahoma, USA, University of Oklahoma, , 160–177 p. (hdl 11244/3545, lire en ligne)
    • David Roberts, The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge, , Routledge Library Editions: Syria éd., 62–76 p. (ISBN 978-0-415-83882-5), « 7: Ba'athist Doctrine »
    • Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, Linkage Politics in the Middle East Syria Between Domestic and External Conflict, 1961-1970, Boulder, CO, Westview Press, , 151 p. (ISBN 0-86531-945-6), « 7: The Neo-Ba'ath Regime »
    • Charles, Kenneth K. Wilber, P. Jameson et Fred Gottheil, Socialist Models of Development, Oxford 0X3 OBW, England, Pergamon Press, , 825–836 p. (ISBN 0-08-027921-X), « Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal »
    • Steven Heydemann, Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, New York 14850, USA, Cornell University Press, , 85 p. (ISBN 0-8014-2932-3), « 4: Building the Institutions of Populist Authoritarian Rule »
  47. ↑ Hanna Batatu, Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics, Chichester, West Sussex, UK, , 283–284 p. (ISBN 0-691-00254-1)
  48. ↑ Elizabeth O'Bagy, « Syria's Political Struggle: Spring 2012 » [Backgrounder], sur ISW, (consulté le )
  49. ↑ « Profile: Syria's ruling Baath Party », BBC,‎ (lire en ligne, consulté le ) :

    « Many posts in the public sector, the military and government were generally reserved for Baathists, which helped boost party membership. By 1981, some 375,000 people had joined the party. By 2010, this number had reportedly risen to 1.2 million - nearly 10% of the population. »


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