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Canjin yanayi

Canjin yanayi
atmospheric phenomenon (en) Fassara, Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da human impact on the environment (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na external risk (en) Fassara da global climate change (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara carbon dioxide emissions (en) Fassara, greenhouse gas emissions (en) Fassara, hayakin da ake fitarwa daga noma da Gandun daji
Karatun ta Climatology
Contributing factor of (en) Fassara arctic sea ice decline (en) Fassara
Shafin yanar gizo ipcc.ch
Has contributing factor (en) Fassara coal-fired power station (en) Fassara
Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en) Fassara Daidaituwar canjin yanayi
WordLift URL (en) Fassara http://data.thenextweb.com/tnw/entity/global_warming
Hannun riga da global cooling (en) Fassara
P9123 Fassara Escalfament_global (Property P9123 not found, cannot determine the data type to use.)
Matsakaicin yanayin duniya daga shekara ta 2010 zuwa shekarar 2019 idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin matakin farko daga shekara ta 1951 zuwa shekarata 1978 (Tushe). NASA)
hoton yanayin canji yanayi

Canjin yanayi, Ya haɗa da dumamar yanayi, Wanda hayakin dan Adam na iskar gas, da kuma sauye-sauye masu yawa na yanayi.[1] Koda yake canjin yanayi ya gabata a baya, Tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na ashirin 20, Yawan girman tasirin ɗan Adam, kan tsarin yanayi na duniya da kuma girman tasirin wannan tsarin ba a taba yin irin sa ba.[2]

Canjin, yanayi; Ɗan adam ya haifar da canjin yanayi ba wata ƙungiyar kimiyya ta ƙasa ko ta ƙasa ke jayayya ba.[3] Babban direba shine fitarwa na iskar gas, Wanda kuma sama da 90% shine carbon dioxide wato (Sinadari) (CO2) da methane (gas wanda bashi da kala ko kamshi).[4] Kone burbushin mai don amfani da makamashi shine asalin tushen fitar da wannan hayaƙin, tare da kuma ƙarin gudummawa daga harkar noma, sare bishiyoyi, da kuma matakan masana'antu.[5] Hawan zafin jiki yana haɓaka ko zafin rai ta hanyar bayanin yanayi, kamar asarar dusar ƙanƙara mai nuna hasken rana da murfin kankara, ƙarar tururin ruwa (iskar gas mai ɗari da kanta), da canje-canjen zuwa ƙasa da tekun.

Abubuwan da aka lura daga NASA a kan matsakaiciyar 1850-1900 azaman asalin masana'antun farko. Babban direba don haɓaka yanayin duniya a zamanin masana'antu shi ne Kuma ayyukan ɗan adam, tare da ƙarfin halitta yana ƙara bambancin.[6]
Sauyin yanayi a wajen teku

Saboda yanayin sararin samaniya zaiyi zafi fiye da na teku, hamada tana faɗaɗa kuma zafi da wutar daji sun fi zama ruwan dare.[7] Hawan zafin sararin samaniya ya fi girma a cikin Arctic (waje mai tsananin sanyi), inda ya ba da gudummawa ga narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma komawar kankara da kankara a teku.[8] Yawan kuzarin yanayi da ƙimar kuzarin yanayi suna haifar da guguwa da tsananin yanayi, wanda ke lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa da aikin gona.[9] Ƙaruwar yanayin zafi yana iyakance yawan ruwan teku da kuma illa ga hannayen jari a yawancin sassan duniya.[10] Abubuwan da ake tsammani yanzu da waɗanda ake tsammani daga rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tsananin zafi da cuta sun sa Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana canjin yanayi mafi haɗari ga lafiyar duniya a cikin ƙarni na 21.[11] Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli sun haɗa da ƙarewa ko ƙaura daga yawancin jinsuna yayin da tsarin halittunsu ya canza, mafi akasari nan da nan cikin murjani, dutsen, da Arctic.[12] Ko da kuwa kokarin rage dumamar yanayi na gaba ya yi nasara, wasu tasirin za su ci gaba har tsawon karnoni, gami da hauhawar matakan teku, karuwar yanayin zafi na tekun, da kuma narkon ruwan daga tekun na Sinadarin (CO2).[13]

Yawancin waɗannan tasirin an riga an lura dasu a halin yanzu kuma na zafin jiki, wanda yake kusan 1.1°C (2.0°F) a ma'aunin gwaji.[14] Kungiyar Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta ba da jerin rahotanni waɗanda ke nuna ƙimar girma a cikin waɗannan tasirin yayin da ɗumamar yanayi ke ci gaba zuwa 1.5°C (2.7°F) a ma'aunin gwaji da kuma bayan.[15] A karkashin yarjejeniyar ta Paris, kasashe sun amince da ci gaba da dumamar yanayi "sosai a karkashin 2.0°C (3.6°F) a ma'aunin gwaji" ta hanyar rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin waɗannan alƙawura, ɗumamar yanayi zai kai kimanin 2.8°C (5.0°F) a ma'aunin gwaji a ƙarshen karnin, kuma manufofin yanzu zasu haifar da kusan 3.0°C (5.4°F) a ma'aunin gwaji na dumamar yanayi.[16] Iyakan ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C (2.7°F) a ma'aunin gwaji na buƙatar rabin fitar da hayaƙi a cikin 2030, sa'annan ya kai matakin kusan sifili ta 2050.[17].

Yunkurin ragewa ya haɗa da bincike, cigaba, da kuma tura fasahohin masu amfani da makamashi mai kara kuzari, ingantaccen ingancin makamashi, manufofi na rage hayakin mai, burbushin lamura, da kuma adana gandun daji. Fasahar aikin injiniya na yanayi, mafi yawan fitowar hasken rana da kuma cire sanadarin carbon dioxide, suna da iyakantattun abubuwa kuma suna ɗaukar manyan rashin tabbas. Kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci kuma suna aiki don daidaitawa da tasirin ɗumamar yanayi na yanzu da kuma nan gaba ta hanyar ingantaccen kariya ta bakin teku, kyakkyawan kula da bala'i, da haɓaka albarkatun gona masu tsayayya.

  1. ↑ IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased; Gleick, 7 January 2017
  2. ↑ IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018, p. 54: Abundant empirical evidence of the unprecedented rate and global scale of impact of human influence on the Earth System (Steffen et al., 2016; Waters et al., 2016) has led many scientists to call for an acknowledgement that the Earth has entered a new geological epoch: the Anthropocene.
  3. ↑ "Scientific Consensus: Earth's Climate is Warming". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. NASA JPL. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  4. ↑ EPA 2020: Carbon dioxide (76%), Methane (16%), Nitrous Oxide (6%).
  5. ↑ EPA 2020: Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and other biological materials, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Fossil fuel use is the primary source of CO2. CO2 can also be emitted from direct human-induced impacts on forestry and other land use, such as through deforestation, land clearing for agriculture, and degradation of soils. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
  6. ↑ USGCRP Chapter 3 2017 Figure 3.1 panel 2, Figure 3.3 panel 5.
  7. ↑ IPCC SRCCL 2019, p. 7: Since the pre-industrial period, the land surface air temperature has risen nearly twice as much as the global average temperature (high confidence). Climate change... contributed to desertification and land degradation in many regions (high confidence).; IPCC SRCCL 2019, p. 45: Climate change is playing an increasing role in determining wildfire regimes alongside human activity (medium confidence), with future climate variability expected to enhance the risk and severity of wildfires in many biomes such as tropical rainforests (high confidence).
  8. ↑ IPCC SROCC 2019, p. 16: Over the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions in snow cover (high confidence) and Arctic sea ice extent and thickness (very high confidence), and increased permafrost temperature (very high confidence).
  9. ↑ IPCC SRCCL 2019, p. 7: Climate change, including increases in frequency and intensity of extremes, has adversely impacted food security and terrestrial ecosystems as well as contributed to desertification and land degradation in many regions (high confidence).
  10. ↑ IPCC SROCC 2019, p. 22: Ocean warming in the 20th century and beyond has contributed to an overall decrease in maximum catch potential (medium confidence), compounding the impacts from overfishing for some fish stocks (high confidence). In many regions, declines in the abundance of fish and shellfish stocks due to direct and indirect effects of global warming and biogeochemical changes have already contributed to reduced fisheries catches (high confidence).
  11. ↑ WHO, Nov 2015: Climate change is the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century.
  12. ↑ EPA (19 January 2017). "Climate Impacts on Ecosystems". Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019. Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more frequent.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  13. ↑ IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018, p. 64: Sustained net zero anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and declining net anthropogenic non-CO2 radiative forcing over a multi-decade period would halt anthropogenic global warming over that period, although it would not halt sea level rise or many other aspects of climate system adjustment.
  14. ↑ "Climate Change: Global Temperature".
  15. ↑ IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers 2018, p. 7: Future climate-related risks ... are larger if global warming exceeds 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) before returning to that level by 2100 than if global warming gradually stabilizes at 1.5°C. ... Some impacts may be long-lasting or irreversible, such as the loss of some ecosystems (high confidence).
  16. ↑ Climate Action Tracker 2019, p. 1: Under current pledges, the world will warm by 2.8°C by the end of the century, close to twice the limit they agreed in Paris. Governments are even further from the Paris temperature limit in terms of their real-world action, which would see the temperature rise by 3°C.; United Nations Environment Programme 2019, p. 27.
  17. ↑ IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018, p. 95: In model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5°C, global net anthropogenic CO2 emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40–60% interquartile range), reaching net zero around 2050 (2045–2055 interquartile range); Rogelj et al. 2015.

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