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Gurbacewar Iska

Gurbacewar Iska
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na environmental pollution (en) Fassara, Gurɓacewa da emission (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara air quality (en) Fassara
Yana haddasa smog (en) Fassara, cutar huhu, Ciwon huhun daji da canjin yanayi
Mastodon instance URL (en) Fassara https://airpollution.science
Gurbacewar iska daga bututun fitar da hayaƙi na kamfanoni.
2016 mai nuna alamar iska - launuka masu haske suna da ƙananan ingancin iska kuma don haka mafi girman gurɓataccen iska.

Gurɓacewar Iska ita ce gurɓatar iska ta dalilin kasancewar wasu abubuwa a cikin yanayi masu illa ga lafiyar ɗan Adam da sauran halittu masu rai, ko haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kayan aiki. Akwai nau'ikan gurɓataccen iska da yawa, irin su iskar gas (ciki har da ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, carbon dioxide da chlorofluorocarbons ), ɓarna (duka ƙwayoyin halitta da inorganic), da ƙwayoyin halitta Gurɓacewar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, cututtuka, har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan zai iya haifar da lahani ga wasu rayayyun halittu kamar dabbobi da amfanin gona na abinci, kuma yana iya lalata yanayin yanayi (misali, sauyin yanayi, lalatawar ozone ko gurɓacewar muhalli) ko muhallin da aka gina (misali, ruwan acid ). Duka ayyukan ɗan adam da hanyoyin yanayi na iya haifar da gurɓataccen iska.

Gurɓacewar iska babbar matsala ce ga wasu cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatar yanayi, gami da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, COPD, bugun jini da kansar huhu. [1] Shaidu masu girma suna nuna cewa ana iya danganta bayyanar da gurɓataccen iska tare da rage ƙimar IQ, rashin fahimta,[2] ƙara haɗarin cututtukan hauka kamar baƙin ciki da cutar da lafiyar mahaifa . Sakamakon lafiyar ɗan adam na rashin ingancin iska yana da nisa, amma galibi yana shafar tsarin numfashi na jiki da kuma tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Halin daidaikun mutane game da gurɓataccen iska ya dogara ne da nau'in gurɓataccen iska da mutum ya fallasa shi, gwargwadon bayyanarsa, da yanayin lafiyar mutum da ƙwayoyin halitta. Gurɓacewar iska a waje kaɗai tana haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 2.1, zuwa miliyan 4.21, a duk shekara, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama daya daga cikin manyan masu bayar da gudunmawa ga mutuwar dan Adam. [1] Gabaɗaya, gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 7, a duk duniya a kowace shekara, ko kuma asarar tsawon rayuwa na duniya (LLE) na shekaru 2.9, kuma shine babban haɗarin lafiyar muhalli guda ɗaya a duniya.[3] An jera gurbacewar iska a cikin gida da rashin kyawun iska na birni a matsayin biyu daga cikin mafi munin matsalolin gurɓacewar muhalli a duniya a cikin rahoton wuraren gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na 2008, Cibiyar Blacksmith.[4][1][5][6] Iyalin rikicin gurɓatar yanayi yana da yawa: 90% na al'ummar duniya suna shakar iska mai datti zuwa wani mataki. Ko da yake sakamakon kiwon lafiya yana da yawa, yadda ake magance matsalar sau da yawa yana da haɗari.[7]


An ƙiyasta hasarar kayan aiki da ƙasƙantar rayuwar rayuwa da gurɓataccen iska ke haifarwa don kashe tattalin arziƙin duniya dala tiriliyan 5, a kowace shekara amma, tare da tasirin kiwon lafiya da mace-mace, wani waje ne ga tsarin tattalin arziki na zamani kuma galibi ayyukan ɗan adam, ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana daidaita su da kuma kula da su.[8][9] Akwai fasahohi da dabaru daban-daban na sarrafa gurbatar yanayi don rage gurɓacewar iska.[10] Don rage tasirin gurɓacewar iska, an aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da na ƙasa don daidaita gurɓacewar iska. Dokokin cikin gida, inda aka aiwatar da su da kyau, sun haifar da ingantaccen ingantaccen kiwon lafiyar jama'a.[11] A matakin kasa da kasa, wasu daga cikin wadannan yunƙurin sun sami nasara - alal misali yarjejeniyar Montreal ta yi nasara wajen rage fitar da sinadarai masu cutar da ozone mai cutarwa ko yarjejeniyar Helsinki ta 1985, wadda ta rage fitar da iskar sulfur, yayin da wasu yunƙurin da ya zuwa yanzu ba su samu nasara ba wajen aiwatarwa. kamar matakin ƙasa da ƙasa kan sauyin yanayi.[12][13]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution". WHO. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  2. ↑ Allen, J. L.; Klocke, C.; Morris-Schaffer, K.; Conrad, K.; Sobolewski, M.; Cory-Slechta, D. A. (June 2017). "Cognitive Effects of Air Pollution Exposures and Potential Mechanistic Underpinnings". Current Environmental Health Reports (in Turanci). 4 (2): 180–191. doi:10.1007/s40572-017-0134-3. PMC 5499513. PMID 28435996.
  3. ↑ Newbury, Joanne B.; Stewart, Robert; Fisher, Helen L.; Beevers, Sean; Dajnak, David; Broadbent, Matthew; Pritchard, Megan; Shiode, Narushige; Heslin, Margaret; Hammoud, Ryan; Hotopf, Matthew (2021). "Association between air pollution exposure and mental health service use among individuals with first presentations of psychotic and mood disorders: retrospective cohort study". The British Journal of Psychiatry (in Turanci) (published 2021-08-19). 219 (6): 678–685. doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.119. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 35048872 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ Ghosh, Rakesh; Causey, Kate; Burkart, Katrin; Wozniak, Sara; Cohen, Aaron; Brauer, Michael (28 September 2021). "Ambient and household PM2.5 pollution and adverse perinatal outcomes: A meta-regression and analysis of attributable global burden for 204 countries and territories". PLOS Medicine (in Turanci). 18 (9): e1003718. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003718. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 8478226 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34582444 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ "Energy and Air Pollution" (PDF). Iea.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  6. ↑ "Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution". The New York Times. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  7. ↑ "Reports". WorstPolluted.org. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  8. ↑ "Cheap air pollution monitors help plot your walk". European Investment Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  9. ↑ "9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are taking action". www.who.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  10. ↑ Fensterstock, Ketcham and Walsh, The Relationship of Land Use and Transportation Planning to Air Quality Management, Ed. George Hagevik, May 1972.
  11. ↑ "Assessing the risks to health from air pollution—European Environment Agency". www.eea.europa.eu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  12. ↑ Batool, Rubeena; Zaman, Khalid; Khurshid, Muhammad Adnan; Sheikh, Salman Masood; Aamir, Alamzeb; Shoukry, Alaa Mohamd; Sharkawy, Mohamed A.; Aldeek, Fares; Khader, Jameel; Gani, Showkat (October 2019). "Economics of death and dying: a critical evaluation of environmental damages and healthcare reforms across the globe". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 26 (29): 29799–29809. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06159-x. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 31407261. S2CID 199528114.
  13. ↑ Bherwani, Hemant; Nair, Moorthy; Musugu, Kavya; Gautam, Sneha; Gupta, Ankit; Kapley, Atya; Kumar, Rakesh (10 June 2020). "Valuation of air pollution externalities: comparative assessment of economic damage and emission reduction under COVID-19 lockdown". Air Quality, Atmosphere, & Health. 13 (6): 683–694. doi:10.1007/s11869-020-00845-3. ISSN 1873-9318. PMC 7286556. PMID 32837611.

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