Agnostisisme

Agnostik atau Agnostisisme merupakan suatu pandangan bahwa ada atau tidaknya Tuhan atau hal-hal supranatural adalah suatu yang tidak diketahui atau tidak dapat diketahui.^[1][2][3] Definisi lain yang diberikan adalah pandangan bahwa "alasan yang dimiliki manusia tidak mampu memberikan dasar rasional yang cukup untuk membenarkan keyakinan bahwa Tuhan itu ada atau keyakinan bahwa Tuhan itu tidak ada."^[2]

Seorang ahli biologi Inggris, Thomas Henry Huxley mencetuskan kata agnostic pada tahun 1869 dengan mengatakan, "Secara sederhana ini memiliki makna bahwa seseorang tidak sepatutnya mengatakan kalau dirinya tahu atau percaya pada sesuatu yang mana dirinya tidak memiliki dasar ilmiah untuk mengaku tahu atau percaya." Beberapa pemikir lebih awal sebelumnya telah menulis karya-karya yang isinya mengangkat cara pandang agnostik, beberapa di antaranya adalah Sanjaya Belatthiputta, seorang filsuf India dari abad ke 5 SM, yang mengungkapkan agnostisisme akan kehidupan setelah mati.^[4][5][6] dan Protagoras, seorang filsuf Yunani abad 5 SM, yang mengungkapkan agnostisisme terhadap keberadaan "Tuhan-Tuhan."^{[7][8][9][10]}

1. ^ Hepburn, Ronald W. (2005) [1967]. "Agnosticism". Dalam Donald M. Borchert. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1 (edisi ke-2nd). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). hlm. 92. ISBN 0-02-865780-2. In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not.  (halaman 56 dalam edisi 1967)
2. ^ ^{a b} Rowe, William L. (1998). "Agnosticism". Dalam Edward Craig. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational. 
3. ^ "agnostic, agnosticism". OED Online, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press. September 2012. agnostic. : A. n[oun]. :# A person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of immaterial things, especially of the existence or nature of God. :# In extended use: a person who is not persuaded by or committed to a particular point of view; a sceptic. Also: person of indeterminate ideology or conviction; an equivocator. : B. adj[ective]. :# Of or relating to the belief that the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena is unknown and (as far as can be judged) unknowable. Also: holding this belief. :# a. In extended use: not committed to or persuaded by a particular point of view; sceptical. Also: politically or ideologically unaligned; non-partisan, equivocal. agnosticism n. The doctrine or tenets of agnostics with regard to the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena or to knowledge of a First Cause or God. 
4. ^ "Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life". a part of the Digha Nikaya translated in 1997 by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 9, 2014. If you ask me if there exists another world (after death), ... I don't think so. I don't think in that way. I don't think otherwise. I don't think not. I don't think not not. 
5. ^ Bhaskar (1972).
6. ^ Lloyd Ridgeon (March 13, 2003). Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 63–. ISBN 978-0-203-42313-4. 
7. ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Protagoras (c. 490 – c. 420 BCE). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 2, 2014. Diakses tanggal July 22, 2013. While the pious might wish to look to the gods to provide absolute moral guidance in the relativistic universe of the Sophistic Enlightenment, that certainty also was cast into doubt by philosophic and sophistic thinkers, who pointed out the absurdity and immorality of the conventional epic accounts of the gods. Protagoras' prose treatise about the gods began "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life." 
8. ^ Patri, Umesh and Prativa Devi (February 1990). "Progress of Atheism in India: A Historical Perspective". Atheist Centre 1940–1990 Golden Jubilee. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 29, 2014. Diakses tanggal June 29, 2014. 
9. ^ Trevor Treharne (2012). How to Prove God Does Not Exist: The Complete Guide to Validating Atheism. Universal-Publishers. hlm. 34 ff. ISBN 978-1-61233-118-8. 
10. ^ Helmut Schwab (December 10, 2012). Essential Writings: A Journey Through Time: A Modern "De Rerum Natura". iUniverse. hlm. 77 ff. ISBN 978-1-4759-6026-6.