Dua-jiwa (juga dua jiwa) adalah sebuah istilah payung, modern, dan pan-Indian yang digunakan oleh beberapa penduduk asli Amerika Utara untuk menjelaskan orang tertentu dalam komunitas mereka yang memenuhi peran seremonial gender ketiga tradisional (atau varian gender lainnya) dalam budaya mereka.[1][2][3] Banyak orang salah mengaitkannya dengan istilah "Pribumi LGBT", istilah dan identitas dua-jiwa "tidak masuk akal" kecuali dalam konteks kerangka Pribumi Amerika atau Bangsa-Bangsa Pertama dan pemahaman budaya tradisional. Istilah ini digunakan setelah kesepakatan pada tahun 1990 dalam sebuah pertemuan internasional lesbian dan gay pribumi yang mendorong penggantian istilah antropologis berdache yang sudah ketinggalan zaman dan kurang pantas.[4][5][6][7]
'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.
Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Native people such as anthropologist Dr. Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation. (Thomas is a professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies.)
At the Wenner Gren conference on gender held in Chicago, May, 1994... the gay American Indian and Alaska Native males agreed to use the term "Two Spirit" to replace the controversial "berdache" term. The stated objective was to purge the older term from anthropological literature as it was seen as demeaning and not reflective of Native categories. Unfortunately, the term "berdache" has also been incorporated in the psychology and women studies domains, so the task for the affected group to purge the term looms large and may be formidable.
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