Empat Kebenaran Mulia

Dalam Buddhisme, Empat Kebenaran Mulia (bahasa Sanskerta: catvaryāryasatyāni; bahasa Pali: cattāri ariyasaccāni) adalah "kebenaran para orang mulia", kebenaran atau realitas bagi "mereka yang layak secara spiritual".^{[web 1]}^[1] Empat kebenaran tersebut adalah:^[2]

dukkha ("penderitaan")^{[note 1]}^[3]^[4]^[5] adalah karakteristik bawaan dari keberadaan samsara;^{[web 2]}^[6]^[7] bahwa tidak ada fenomena berkondisi yang kekal; fenomena berkondisi itu menyakitkan.
samudaya ("munculnya atau asal penderitaan"): bersama dukkha ada taṇhā ("nafsu keinginan"); kelekatan (upādāna) atas keberadaan yang dukkha.^{[web 3]}^[8]^[9]^{[note 2]}^[11]
nirodha ("terhentinya penderitaan"): kelekatan atas dukkha dapat dilenyapkan oleh pelepasan atas taṇhā;^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] keadaan yang pada akhirnya mengarah ke pencapaian Nirwana,^[16] termasuk empat tingkat kemuliaan.
nirodhagāminī paṭipadā atau magga ("jalan menuju terhentinya penderitaan") adalah jalan menuju lenyapnya taṇhā dan pembebasan dari dukkha (Nirwana); Jalan Mulia Berunsur Delapan.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Empat kebenaran ini tumbuh menjadi sangat penting dalam tradisi Buddhisme Theravāda sekitar abad ke-5 Masehi,^[20] yang menyatakan bahwa kebijaksanaan terhadap empat kebenaran itu sendiri bersifat membebaskan.^[21] Penekanan atas empat kebenaran ini kurang menonjol dalam aliran Mahayana, yang melihat tujuan lebih tinggi dari kebijaksanaan ke dalam kerangka sunyata (kekosongan), dan mengikuti jalan Bodhisatwa sebagai elemen sentral dalam ajaran dan praktik mereka.^[22] Tradisi Mahayana menafsirkan ulang empat kebenaran untuk menjelaskan bagaimana makhluk yang terbebaskan masih dapat "beroperasi secara menyeluruh di dunia ini".^[23] Dimulai dengan penjelajahan Buddhisme oleh penjajah Barat pada abad ke-19 dan perkembangan gerakan modernis Buddhisme, ajaran-ajaran ini sering disajikan di Barat sebagai ajaran utama Buddhisme,^[24]^[25] kadang-kadang dengan interpretasi ulang modernis baru yang sangat berbeda dari pemahaman tradisional dalam tradisi Buddhisme di Asia.^[26]^[27]^[28]

Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "web", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="web"/> yang berkaitan

^ Keown 2013, hlm. 48–62.
^ Rahula, Dr. Walpola Sri (2019-07-01). Inilah Dhamma: Apa yang Buddha Ajarkan. Yayasan Dhammavihari.
^ Analayo (2013b).
^ Beckwith (2015), hlm. 30.
^ Alexander (2019), hlm. 36.
^ Anderson 2004, hlm. 295–297. Kutipan: "This, bhikkhus, is the noble truth that is suffering. Birth is suffering; old age is suffering; illness is suffering; death is suffering; sorrow and grief, physical and mental suffering, and disturbance are suffering. [...] In short, all life is suffering, according to the Buddha's first sermon."
^ Keown 2013, hlm. 50–52.
^ Anderson 2004, hlm. 295–297. Kutipan: "The second truth is samudaya (arising or origin). To end suffering, the four noble truths tell us, one needs to know how and why suffering arises. The second noble truth explains that suffering arises because of craving, desire, and attachment."
^ Keown 2013, hlm. 53–55.
^ Brazier 2001.
^ ^a ^b Batchelor 2012, hlm. 95–97.
^ Buswell & Lopez 2014, hlm. "nirodha".
^ Anderson 2001, hlm. 96.
^ Anderson 2004, hlm. 295–297, Kutipan: "The third truth follows from the second: If the cause of suffering is desire and attachment to various things, then the way to end suffering is to eliminate craving, desire, and attachment. The third truth is called nirodha, which means 'ending' or 'cessation'. To stop suffering, one must stop desiring";
^ Keown 2013, hlm. 56–58.
^ Vihara Buddharatana Medan (2023-11-14), PENGURAIAN PATICCASAMUPPADA SECARA SIMPEL | Bhante Maha Dhammadhiro Mahathera, diakses tanggal 2024-08-21
^ Anderson 2004, hlm. 295–297, Kutipan: "This, bhikkhus, is the noble truth that is the way leading to the ending of suffering. This is the eightfold path of the noble ones: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.[..] The Buddha taught the fourth truth, maarga (Pali, magga), the path that has eight parts, as the means to end suffering."
^ Keown 2013, hlm. 58–60.
^ Norman 2003, hlm. 219, 222.
^ Anderson 1999, hlm. 230–231.
^ Carter 1987, hlm. 3179.
^ Carter 1987, hlm. 3179–3180.
^ Makransky 1997, hlm. 346–347.
^ Harris 2006, hlm. 72–73.
^ Anderson 2001, hlm. 196.
^ Keown 2009, hlm. 60–63, 74–85, 185–187.
^ Konik 2009, hlm. ix.
^ Lopez 2012, hlm. 39–43, 57–60, 74–76, 122–124.

Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "note", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="note"/> yang berkaitan

[FOOTNOTEKeown201348–62-2] Keown 2013, hlm. 48–62.

[:1-3] Rahula, Dr. Walpola Sri (2019-07-01). Inilah Dhamma: Apa yang Buddha Ajarkan. Yayasan Dhammavihari.

[FOOTNOTEAnalayo2013b-5] Analayo (2013b).

[FOOTNOTEBeckwith201530-6] Beckwith (2015), hlm. 30.

[FOOTNOTEAlexander201936-7] Alexander (2019), hlm. 36.

[9] Anderson 2004, hlm. 295–297. Kutipan: "This, bhikkhus, is the noble truth that is suffering. Birth is suffering; old age is suffering; illness is suffering; death is suffering; sorrow and grief, physical and mental suffering, and disturbance are suffering. [...] In short, all life is suffering, according to the Buddha's first sermon."

[FOOTNOTEKeown201350–52-10] Keown 2013, hlm. 50–52.

[12] Anderson 2004, hlm. 295–297. Kutipan: "The second truth is samudaya (arising or origin). To end suffering, the four noble truths tell us, one needs to know how and why suffering arises. The second noble truth explains that suffering arises because of craving, desire, and attachment."

[FOOTNOTEKeown201353–55-13] Keown 2013, hlm. 53–55.

[FOOTNOTEBrazier2001-14] Brazier 2001.

[FOOTNOTEBatchelor201295–97-16] Batchelor 2012, hlm. 95–97.

[FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"nirodha"-17] Buswell & Lopez 2014, hlm. "nirodha".

[FOOTNOTEAnderson200196-18] Anderson 2001, hlm. 96.

[19] Anderson 2004, hlm. 295–297, Kutipan: "The third truth follows from the second: If the cause of suffering is desire and attachment to various things, then the way to end suffering is to eliminate craving, desire, and attachment. The third truth is called nirodha, which means 'ending' or 'cessation'. To stop suffering, one must stop desiring";

[FOOTNOTEKeown201356–58-20] Keown 2013, hlm. 56–58.

[:2-21] Vihara Buddharatana Medan (2023-11-14), PENGURAIAN PATICCASAMUPPADA SECARA SIMPEL | Bhante Maha Dhammadhiro Mahathera, diakses tanggal 2024-08-21

[22] Anderson 2004, hlm. 295–297, Kutipan: "This, bhikkhus, is the noble truth that is the way leading to the ending of suffering. This is the eightfold path of the noble ones: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.[..] The Buddha taught the fourth truth, maarga (Pali, magga), the path that has eight parts, as the means to end suffering."

[FOOTNOTEKeown201358–60-23] Keown 2013, hlm. 58–60.

[FOOTNOTENorman2003219,_222-24] Norman 2003, hlm. 219, 222.

[FOOTNOTEAnderson1999230–231-25] Anderson 1999, hlm. 230–231.

[FOOTNOTECarter19873179-26] Carter 1987, hlm. 3179.

[FOOTNOTECarter19873179–3180-27] Carter 1987, hlm. 3179–3180.

[FOOTNOTEMakransky1997346–347-28] Makransky 1997, hlm. 346–347.

[FOOTNOTEHarris200672–73-29] Harris 2006, hlm. 72–73.

[FOOTNOTEAnderson2001196-30] Anderson 2001, hlm. 196.

[FOOTNOTEKeown200960–63,_74–85,_185–187-31] Keown 2009, hlm. 60–63, 74–85, 185–187.

[FOOTNOTEKonik2009ix-32] Konik 2009, hlm. ix.

[FOOTNOTELopez201239–43,_57–60,_74–76,_122–124-33] Lopez 2012, hlm. 39–43, 57–60, 74–76, 122–124.

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