Jalur Gaza

Jalur Gaza

قطاع غزة
Jalur Gaza; قطاع غزة
	Bendera Palestina
Status	Di bawah Otoritas Nasional Palestina menurut Perjanjian Oslo; Secara de facto dikelola oleh Hamas sejak Juli 2007; Diklaim oleh Negara Palestina; Dianggap sebagai wilayah pendudukan akibat blokade Gaza menurut Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa;
Ibu kota; [[Daftar kota di {{{common_name}}}\|(dan kota terbesar)]]	Kota Gaza; 31°30′53″N 34°27′15″E / 31.51472°N 34.45417°E
Bahasa resmi	Bahasa Arab
Kelompok etnik	Bangsa Arab Palestina
Agama	99% Islam Sunni (resmi); <1% Kekristenan;
Demonim	Orang Gaza; Orang Palestina
Pemerintahan
• Negara	Negara Palestina
Luas
- Total	365 km2
Populasi
- Perkiraan 2022	2.375.259
- Kepadatan	6507/km2
Mata uang	Shekel baru Israel; Pound Mesir
Zona waktu	Waktu Standar Palestina; (UTC+2)
- Musim panas (DST)	UTC+3 (Waktu Musim Panas Palestina)
Kode telepon	+970
Kode ISO 3166	PS
	^ Negara Palestina diakui oleh 138 anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa serta Tahta Suci. ; ^ Meskipun Israel menarik diri dari Jalur Gaza pada tahun 2005, Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, organisasi hak asasi manusia internasional dan banyak pakar hukum menganggap Jalur Gaza masih berada di bawah pendudukan militer oleh Israel, karena Israel masih memegang kendali langsung atas ruang udara dan maritim Gaza, enam dari tujuh penyeberangan darat Gaza, zona penyangga larangan bepergian di wilayah tersebut, dan daftar penduduk Palestina. Namun, Israel dan pakar hukum lainnya membantah hal ini. ;
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Jalur Gaza (bahasa Arab: قطاع غزة Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah, IPA: [qɪˈtˤɑːʕ ˈɣazza]) adalah sebuah kawasan yang terletak di pantai timur Laut Tengah, bagian dari wilayah Negara Palestina, berbatasan dengan Mesir di sebelah barat daya (11 km), dan Israel di sebelah timur dan utara (51 km (32 mi). Jalur Gaza memiliki panjang sekitar 41 kilometer (25 mi) dan lebar antara 6 hingga 12 kilometer (3,7 hingga 7,5 mi), dengan luas total 365 kilometer persegi (141 sq mi).^[6] Populasi di Jalur Gaza berjumlah sekitar 1,7 juta jiwa.^[7] Mayoritas penduduknya besar dan lahir di Jalur Gaza, selebihnya merupakan pengungsi Palestina^[8] yang melarikan diri ke Gaza setelah meletusnya Perang Arab-Israel 1948. Populasi di Jalur Gaza didominasi oleh Muslim Sunni. Tingkat pertumbuhan penduduknya pertahun mencapai angka 3,2%, menjadikannya sebagai wilayah dengan laju pertumbuhan penduduk tertinggi ke-7 di dunia.^[7]

Jalur Gaza memperoleh batas-batasnya saat ini pada akhir perang tahun 1948, yang ditetapkan melalui Perjanjian Gencatan Senjata Israel-Mesir pada tanggal 24 Februari 1949.^[9] Pasal V dari perjanjian ini menyatakan bahwa garis demarkasi di Jalur Gaza bukanlah merupakan perbatasan internasional. Jalur Gaza selanjutnya diduduki oleh Mesir. Pada awalnya, Jalur Gaza secara resmi dikelola oleh Pemerintahan Seluruh Palestina, yang didirikan oleh Liga Arab pada bulan September 1948. Sejak pembubaran Pemerintahan Seluruh Palestina pada tahun 1959 hingga 1967, Jalur Gaza secara langsung dikelola oleh seorang gubernur militer Mesir.

Israel merebut dan menduduki Jalur Gaza dalam Perang Enam Hari pada tahun 1967. Berdasarkan Persetujuan Damai Oslo yang disahkan pada tahun 1993, Otoritas Palestina ditetapkan sebagai badan administratif yang mengelola pusat kependudukan Palestina. Israel mempertahankan kontrolnya terhadap Jalur Gaza di wilayah udara, wilayah perairan, dan lintas perbatasan darat dengan Mesir. Israel secara sepihak menarik diri dari Jalur Gaza pada tahun 2005.

Jalur Gaza merupakan bagian dari teritori Palestina.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] Sejak bulan Juli 2007, setelah pemilihan umum legislatif Palestina 2006 dan setelah Pertempuran Gaza, Hamas menjadi penguasa de facto di Jalur Gaza, yang kemudian membentuk Pemerintahan Hamas di Gaza.

^ "Mideast accord: the overview; Rabin and Arafat sign accord ending Israel's 27-year hold on Jericho and the Gaza Strip" Diarsipkan 9 December 2020 di Wayback Machine.. Chris Hedges, New York Times, 5 May 1994.
^ Sanger, Andrew (2011). "The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla". Dalam M.N. Schmitt; Louise Arimatsu; Tim McCormack. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010. 13. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 429. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14. ISBN 978-90-6704-811-8. Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However, the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border, and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.
* Scobbie, Iain (2012). Elizabeth Wilmshurst, ed. International Law and the Classification of Conflicts. Oxford University Press. hlm. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-965775-9. Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.
* Gawerc, Michelle (2012). Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships. Lexington Books. hlm. 44. ISBN 9780739166109. While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human rights organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.
^ Cuyckens, Hanne (2016). "Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?". Netherlands International Law Review. 63 (3): 275–295. doi:10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1 . ISSN 0165-070X.
^ "مليونان و375 ألف نسمة عدد سكان قطاع غزة مع نهاية 2022". arabic.news.cn. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 5 January 2023.
^ Chami, Ralph; Espinoza, Raphael; Montiel, Peter J. (26 January 2021). Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885309-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 April 2023. Diakses tanggal 4 August 2021.
^ Arie Arnon, Israeli Policy towards the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Economic Dimension, 1967-2007. MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL, Volume 61, No. 4, AUTUMN 2007 (p. 575)
^ ^a ^b Gaza Strip Diarsipkan 2014-06-08 di Wayback Machine. Entry at the CIA World Factbook
^ Cobham and Kanafani, 2004, p. 179.
^ Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement Diarsipkan 2014-05-25 di Wayback Machine. UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949
^ "Palestinian Territories". U.S. Department of State. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-06.
^ "Occupied Palestinian Territory". European Commission. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-02-28. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-06.
^ "Israel, the occupied territories and the autonomous territories — ICRC maps". ICRC. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-06.
^ "Country profile: Israel and Palestinian territories". London: BBC. 15 December 2009. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-06.

[2] Negara Palestina diakui oleh 138 anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa serta Tahta Suci.

[5] Meskipun Israel menarik diri dari Jalur Gaza pada tahun 2005, Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, organisasi hak asasi manusia internasional dan banyak pakar hukum menganggap Jalur Gaza masih berada di bawah pendudukan militer oleh Israel,^[2] karena Israel masih memegang kendali langsung atas ruang udara dan maritim Gaza, enam dari tujuh penyeberangan darat Gaza, zona penyangga larangan bepergian di wilayah tersebut, dan daftar penduduk Palestina. Namun, Israel dan pakar hukum lainnya membantah hal ini.^[3]

[nyt_mideast-accord-1] "Mideast accord: the overview; Rabin and Arafat sign accord ending Israel's 27-year hold on Jericho and the Gaza Strip" Diarsipkan 9 December 2020 di Wayback Machine.. Chris Hedges, New York Times, 5 May 1994.

[3] Sanger, Andrew (2011). "The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla". Dalam M.N. Schmitt; Louise Arimatsu; Tim McCormack. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010. 13. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 429. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14. ISBN 978-90-6704-811-8. Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However, the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border, and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.
* Scobbie, Iain (2012). Elizabeth Wilmshurst, ed. International Law and the Classification of Conflicts. Oxford University Press. hlm. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-965775-9. Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.
* Gawerc, Michelle (2012). Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships. Lexington Books. hlm. 44. ISBN 9780739166109. While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human rights organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.

[4] Cuyckens, Hanne (2016). "Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?". Netherlands International Law Review. 63 (3): 275–295. doi:10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1 . ISSN 0165-070X.

[6] "مليونان و375 ألف نسمة عدد سكان قطاع غزة مع نهاية 2022". arabic.news.cn. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 5 January 2023.

[7] Chami, Ralph; Espinoza, Raphael; Montiel, Peter J. (26 January 2021). Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885309-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 April 2023. Diakses tanggal 4 August 2021.

[Arnon-8] Arie Arnon, Israeli Policy towards the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Economic Dimension, 1967-2007. MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL, Volume 61, No. 4, AUTUMN 2007 (p. 575)

[Gaza_Strip-9] Gaza Strip Diarsipkan 2014-06-08 di Wayback Machine. Entry at the CIA World Factbook

[Cobhamp179-10] Cobham and Kanafani, 2004, p. 179.

[11] Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement Diarsipkan 2014-05-25 di Wayback Machine. UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949

[PalestinianTerritories-U.S.DeptofState-12] "Palestinian Territories". U.S. Department of State. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-06.

[EU-OccupiedPalestinianTerritory-13] "Occupied Palestinian Territory". European Commission. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-02-28. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-06.

[ICRC-map-14] "Israel, the occupied territories and the autonomous territories — ICRC maps". ICRC. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-06.

[BBC-Countryprofile-15] "Country profile: Israel and Palestinian territories". London: BBC. 15 December 2009. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-06.

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Jalur Gaza قطاع غزة
Bendera Palestina
Peta rinci Jalur Gaza
Status	Di bawah Otoritas Nasional Palestina menurut Perjanjian Oslo^[1] Secara de facto dikelola oleh Hamas sejak Juli 2007 Diklaim oleh Negara Palestina^[a] Dianggap sebagai wilayah pendudukan akibat blokade Gaza menurut Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa^[b]
Ibu kota [[Daftar kota di {{{common_name}}}\|(dan kota terbesar)]]	Kota Gaza 31°30′53″N 34°27′15″E / 31.51472°N 34.45417°E / 31.51472; 34.45417
Bahasa resmi	Bahasa Arab
Kelompok etnik	Bangsa Arab Palestina
Agama	99% Islam Sunni (resmi) <1% Kekristenan
Demonim	Orang Gaza Orang Palestina
Pemerintahan

• Negara	Negara Palestina

Luas
- Total	365 km²
Populasi
- Perkiraan 2022	2.375.259^[4]
- Kepadatan	6507/km²
Mata uang	Shekel baru Israel Pound Mesir^[5]
Zona waktu	Waktu Standar Palestina (UTC+2)
- Musim panas (DST)	UTC+3 (Waktu Musim Panas Palestina)
Kode telepon	+970
Kode ISO 3166	PS
^ Negara Palestina diakui oleh 138 anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa serta Tahta Suci. ^ Meskipun Israel menarik diri dari Jalur Gaza pada tahun 2005, Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, organisasi hak asasi manusia internasional dan banyak pakar hukum menganggap Jalur Gaza masih berada di bawah pendudukan militer oleh Israel,^[2] karena Israel masih memegang kendali langsung atas ruang udara dan maritim Gaza, enam dari tujuh penyeberangan darat Gaza, zona penyangga larangan bepergian di wilayah tersebut, dan daftar penduduk Palestina. Namun, Israel dan pakar hukum lainnya membantah hal ini.^[3]
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