Kebudayaan Andronovo

Kebudayaan Andronovo
Jangkauan; geografis	Stepa Eurasia
Periode	Zaman Perunggu Akhir
Tanggal	k. 2000 SM – 1450 SM
Didahului oleh	Kebudayaan Barang Kawat, Kebudayaan Sintashta, Kebudayaan Okunev
Diikuti oleh	Kebudayaan Karasuk

Kebudayaan Andronovo (bahasa Rusia: Андроновская культура, translit. Andronovskaya kul'tura) adalah kumpulan kebudayaan Zaman Perunggu Akhir serupa yang berkembang pada sekitar tahun 2000–1450 SM^[1]^[2] di Siberia bagian barat dan Stepa Eurasia.^[3] Beberapa peneliti lebih suka menyebutnya sebagai kawasan arkeologis.^[4] Kebudayaan Sintashta yang sedikit lebih tua (2050–1900 SM), yang sebelumnya dianggap bagian dari kebudayaan Andronovo, sekarang dianggap terpisah dari kebudayaan Andronovo Awal.^[5] Penelitian baru menunjukkan tahap pertama budaya Andronovo dapat dimulai pada akhir milenium ke-3 SM, dengan penggembalaan ternak, karena pakan alami sama sekali tidak sulit ditemukan di padang rumput yang dekat dengan tempat tinggal.^[6]^[7]

Kebanyakan peneliti menghubungkan kebudayaan Andronovo dengan bahasa Indo-Iran tahap awal, meskipun mungkin tumpang tindih dengan daerah penutur bahasa Ural awal di pinggiran utaranya.^[8] Allentoft (2015) menyimpulkan dari penelitian genetika masyarakat di tempat itu dulu bahwa kebudayaan Sintashta ebelumnya harus sebagian berasal dari Kebudayaan Barang Kawat, mengingat proporsi leluhur yang lebih tinggi yang cocok dengan masyarakat petani Eropa sebelumnya, mirip dengan campuran yang ditemukan dalam genom masyarakat kebudayaan Barang Kawat.^[9]

^ Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Diarsipkan 2021-12-09 di Wayback Machine., in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.3: "...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."
^ Parpola, Asko, (2020). "Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages", in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020, p.188: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture (c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..."
^ Mallory 1997, hlm. 20–21
^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.
^ Hoshko, Tatiana, (2019). "Oriental Technologies in the Production of Cauldrons of Late bronze Age", in _Historiography, Source Studies and Special Historical Disciplines_,SKHID No. 2 (160) March–April 2019, p. 87.
^ Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): An overview of major socio-economic changes, derived from funerary practices of the Andronovo and Saka populations of the Bronze and Iron Ages (2nd-1st millennium BCE)”, in: Nomad lives: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day, Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, pp. 479-503.
^ Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan)", Summary (in French): "...Durant la première étape de la culture d’Andronovo (Bronze ancien à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant n.è.), le cheptel (principalement constitué de bovins) était réduit et le fourrage naturel n’était nullement difficile à trouver dans les pâturages proches des habitations..."
^ Beckwith 2009, hlm. 49: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."
^ Allentoft, Morten; Sikora, Martin (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507.

[Grigoriev-1] Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Diarsipkan 2021-12-09 di Wayback Machine., in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.3: "...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."

[Parpola-2] Parpola, Asko, (2020). "Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages", in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020, p.188: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture (c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..."

[EOIC-3] Mallory 1997, hlm. 20–21

[4] Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.

[5] Hoshko, Tatiana, (2019). "Oriental Technologies in the Production of Cauldrons of Late bronze Age", in _Historiography, Source Studies and Special Historical Disciplines_,SKHID No. 2 (160) March–April 2019, p. 87.

[6] Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): An overview of major socio-economic changes, derived from funerary practices of the Andronovo and Saka populations of the Bronze and Iron Ages (2nd-1st millennium BCE)”, in: Nomad lives: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day, Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, pp. 479-503.

[7] Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan)", Summary (in French): "...Durant la première étape de la culture d’Andronovo (Bronze ancien à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant n.è.), le cheptel (principalement constitué de bovins) était réduit et le fourrage naturel n’était nullement difficile à trouver dans les pâturages proches des habitations..."

[Beckwith49-8] Beckwith 2009, hlm. 49: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."

[9] Allentoft, Morten; Sikora, Martin (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507.

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Jangkauan geografis	Stepa Eurasia
Periode	Zaman Perunggu Akhir
Tanggal	k. 2000 SM – 1450 SM
Didahului oleh	Kebudayaan Barang Kawat, Kebudayaan Sintashta, Kebudayaan Okunev
Diikuti oleh	Kebudayaan Karasuk