Maskulinitas

Maskulinitas (disebut juga kejantanan) adalah sejumlah atribut, perilaku, dan peran yang terkait dengan anak laki-laki dan pria dewasa. Maskulinitas didefinisikan secara sosial dan diciptakan secara biologis.^[1]^[2]^[3] Sifat maskulin berbeda dengan jenis kelamin.^[4]^[5] baik laki-laki maupun perempuan dapat bersifat maskulin. Ciri-ciri yang melekat pada istilah maskulin adalah keberanian, kemandirian dan ketegasan.^[6]^[7]^[8] ciri-ciri ini bervariasi dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial dan budaya.^[9]

^ van den Wijngaard, Marianne (1997). Reinventing the sexes: the biomedical construction of femininity and masculinity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253210876.
^ Martin, Hale; Finn, Stephen Edward (2010). Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816675203.
^ Dunphy, Richard (2000). Sexual politics: an introduction. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612475.
^ Ferrante, Joan (2008), "Gender and sexualities: with emphasis on gender ideals", in Ferrante, Joan (ed.). Sociology: a global perspective (edisi ke-7th). Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. hlm. 269–272. ISBN 9780840032041.
^ "Gender, Women and Health: What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?". who.int. World Health Organization. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 September 2014. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2014.
^ Vetterling-Braggin, Mary (1982). "Femininity", "masculinity", and "androgyny": a modern philosophical discussion. Totowa, N.J: Littlefield, Adams. ISBN 9780822603993.
^ Worell, Judith (2001). Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1. San Diego, California: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122272462.
^ Thomas, R. Murray (2001), "Feminist perspectives", in Thomas, R. Murray, ed. (2001). Recent theories of human development. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. hlm. 248. ISBN 9780761922476. Gender feminists also consider traditional feminine traits (gentleness, modesty, humility, sacrifice, supportiveness, empathy, compassion, tenderness, nurturance, intuitiveness, sensitivity, unselfishness) morally superior to the traditional masculine traits (courage, strong will, ambition, independence, assertiveness, initiative, rationality and emotional control).
^ Mikkola, Mari (2011), "Ontological commitments, sex and gender", in Witt, Charlotte, ed. (2011). Feminist metaphysics: explorations in the ontology of sex, gender and the self. Dordrecht: Springer. hlm. 77. ISBN 9789048137831.

[Wijngaard-1] van den Wijngaard, Marianne (1997). Reinventing the sexes: the biomedical construction of femininity and masculinity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253210876.

[Martin_and_Finn-2] Martin, Hale; Finn, Stephen Edward (2010). Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816675203.

[Dunphy-3] Dunphy, Richard (2000). Sexual politics: an introduction. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612475.

[Ferrante-4] Ferrante, Joan (2008), "Gender and sexualities: with emphasis on gender ideals", in Ferrante, Joan (ed.). Sociology: a global perspective (edisi ke-7th). Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. hlm. 269–272. ISBN 9780840032041.

[5] "Gender, Women and Health: What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?". who.int. World Health Organization. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 September 2014. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2014.

[Vetterling-Braggin-6] Vetterling-Braggin, Mary (1982). "Femininity", "masculinity", and "androgyny": a modern philosophical discussion. Totowa, N.J: Littlefield, Adams. ISBN 9780822603993.

[Worell-7] Worell, Judith (2001). Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1. San Diego, California: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122272462.

[R._Murray_Thomas-8] Thomas, R. Murray (2001), "Feminist perspectives", in Thomas, R. Murray, ed. (2001). Recent theories of human development. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. hlm. 248. ISBN 9780761922476. Gender feminists also consider traditional feminine traits (gentleness, modesty, humility, sacrifice, supportiveness, empathy, compassion, tenderness, nurturance, intuitiveness, sensitivity, unselfishness) morally superior to the traditional masculine traits (courage, strong will, ambition, independence, assertiveness, initiative, rationality and emotional control).

[9] Mikkola, Mari (2011), "Ontological commitments, sex and gender", in Witt, Charlotte, ed. (2011). Feminist metaphysics: explorations in the ontology of sex, gender and the self. Dordrecht: Springer. hlm. 77. ISBN 9789048137831.

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