Penderitaan

Penderitaan atau rasa sakit dalam arti luas,^[1] dapat menjadi pengalaman ketidaknyamanan dan kebencian terkait dengan persepsi bahaya atau ancaman bahaya di suatu individu.^[2] Penderitaan adalah elemen dasar yang membentuk valensi negatif dari afektif fenomena. Kebalikan dari penderitaan adalah kesenangan atau kebahagiaan.

Penderitaan ini sering dikategorikan sebagai fisik^[3] atau mental.^[4] Hal ini dapat datang dalam berbagai tingkat intensitas, dari yang ringan sampai yang tak tertahankan. Faktor-faktor dari durasi dan frekuensi terjadinya biasanya senyawa yang intensitas. Sikap terhadap penderitaan dapat bervariasi secara luas, pada penderita atau orang lain, menurut berapa banyak hal ini dianggap sebagai dapat dihindari atau tidak dapat dihindari, berguna atau tidak berguna, pantas atau tidak layak.

Penderitaan terjadi dalam setiap kehidupan makhluk dalam banyak cara, sering kali secara dramatis. Akibatnya, banyak bidang kegiatan manusia yang berkaitan dengan beberapa aspek dari penderitaan. Aspek-aspek tersebut dapat meliputi sifat penderitaan, proses, asal-usul dan penyebab, arti dan makna, berkaitan dengan pribadi, sosial, dan budaya perilaku, obat, manajemen, dan menggunakan.

^ See 'Terminology'. See also the entry 'Pleasure' in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which begins with this paragraph: "Pleasure, in the inclusive usages most important in moral psychology, ethical theory, and the studies of mind, includes all joy and gladness — all our feeling good, or happy. It is often contrasted with similarly inclusive pain or suffering, which is similarly thought of as including all our feeling bad." It should be mentioned that most encyclopedias, like the one mentioned above and Britannica, do not have an article about suffering and describe pain in the physical sense only.
^ For instance, Wayne Hudson in Historicizing Suffering, Chapter 14 of Perspectives on Human Suffering (Jeff Malpas and Norelle Lickiss, editors, Springer, 2012): "According to the standard account suffering is a universal human experience described as a negative basic feeling or emotion that involves a subjective character of unpleasantness, aversion, harm or threat of harm to body or mind (Spelman 1997; Cassell 1991)."
^ Examples of physical suffering: pain of various types, excessive heat, excessive cold, itching, hunger, thirst, nausea, air hunger, sleep deprivation https://web.archive.org/web/20080926205544/http://www.iasp-pain.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=General_Resource_Links&Template=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=3058. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 26, 2008. Diakses tanggal September 11, 2008. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan) "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2008-09-11. . Other examples are given by L. W. Sumner, on page 103 of Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics: "Think for a moment of the many physical symptoms which, when persistent, can make our lives miserable: nausea, hiccups, sneezing, dizziness, disorientation, loss of balance, itching, 'pins and needles', 'restless legs', tics, twitching, fatigue, difficulty in breathing, and so on."
^ Mental suffering can also be called psychological or emotional (see Psychological pain). Examples of mental suffering: depression (mood) / hopelessness, grief, sadness / loneliness / heartbreak, disgust, irritation, anger, jealousy, envy, craving or yearning, frustration, anguish, angst, fear, anxiety / panic, shame / guilt, regret, embarrassment / humiliation, restlessness.

[1] See 'Terminology'. See also the entry 'Pleasure' in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which begins with this paragraph: "Pleasure, in the inclusive usages most important in moral psychology, ethical theory, and the studies of mind, includes all joy and gladness — all our feeling good, or happy. It is often contrasted with similarly inclusive pain or suffering, which is similarly thought of as including all our feeling bad." It should be mentioned that most encyclopedias, like the one mentioned above and Britannica, do not have an article about suffering and describe pain in the physical sense only.

[2] For instance, Wayne Hudson in Historicizing Suffering, Chapter 14 of Perspectives on Human Suffering (Jeff Malpas and Norelle Lickiss, editors, Springer, 2012): "According to the standard account suffering is a universal human experience described as a negative basic feeling or emotion that involves a subjective character of unpleasantness, aversion, harm or threat of harm to body or mind (Spelman 1997; Cassell 1991)."

[3] Examples of physical suffering: pain of various types, excessive heat, excessive cold, itching, hunger, thirst, nausea, air hunger, sleep deprivation https://web.archive.org/web/20080926205544/http://www.iasp-pain.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=General_Resource_Links&Template=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=3058. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 26, 2008. Diakses tanggal September 11, 2008. Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan) "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2008-09-11. . Other examples are given by L. W. Sumner, on page 103 of Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics: "Think for a moment of the many physical symptoms which, when persistent, can make our lives miserable: nausea, hiccups, sneezing, dizziness, disorientation, loss of balance, itching, 'pins and needles', 'restless legs', tics, twitching, fatigue, difficulty in breathing, and so on."

[4] Mental suffering can also be called psychological or emotional (see Psychological pain). Examples of mental suffering: depression (mood) / hopelessness, grief, sadness / loneliness / heartbreak, disgust, irritation, anger, jealousy, envy, craving or yearning, frustration, anguish, angst, fear, anxiety / panic, shame / guilt, regret, embarrassment / humiliation, restlessness.

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