Rudolf Steiner

Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Steiner pada sekitar tahun 1905
Lahir	Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (1861-02-27)27 Februari 1861[1] Murakirály, Kerajaan Hungaria, Kekaisaran Austria (kini Donji Kraljevec, Kroasia)
Meninggal	30 Maret 1925(1925-03-30) (umur 64) Dornach, Swiss
Pendidikan	Institut Teknologi Wina Universitas Rostock (PhD, 1891)
Suami/istri	Anna Eunicke (1899–1911) Marie Steiner-von Sivers (1914–1925)
Era	Filsafat abad ke-20
Kawasan	Filsafat Barat
Aliran	Monisme Holisme dalam sains Ilmu Goethean Antroposofi
Pembimbing akademik	Karl Julius Schröer[2]
Minat utama	Metafisika, epistemologi, filsafat sains, esoterisisme, Kekristenan
Gagasan penting	Antroposofi, kedokteran antroposofi, pertanian biodinamika, euritmi, tiga lipatan sosial, ilmu spiritual, pendidikan Waldorf, holisme dalam sains
Dipengaruhi Helena Blavatsky,[3] Franz Brentano, Fichte, Goethe, Eduard von Hartmann, Hegel, Kant, Schelling, Schiller, Nietzsche, Karl Julius Schröer,[4] Silvio Gesell[5]
Memengaruhi Owen Barfield, Saul Bellow, Andrej Belyj, Hugo Bergmann, Josef Beuys, Martin Buber,[6] Daniel Nicol Dunlop, Max Heindel, Wassily Kandinsky, Hilma af Klint, Edouard Schuré, Albert Schweitzer, Andrei Tarkovsky,[7] Richard Tarnas, Valentin Tomberg

Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 (atau 25) Februari 1861^[1] – 30 Maret 1925) adalah seorang filsuf, reformator sosial, arsitek, esoterisis,^[8][9] dan orang yang diklaim sebagai penglihat asal Austria.^[10][11] Steiner meraih pengakuan awal pada akhir abad kesembilan belas sebagai kritikus sastra dan menerbitkan karya-karya filsafat yang meliputi Filsafat Kebebasan. Pada permulaan abad kedua puluh, ia membentuk sebuah gerakan spiritual esoterik, antroposofi, yang berakar dalam filsafat idealis Jerman dan teosofi; pengaruh lainnya meliputi ilmu Goethean dan Rosikrusianisme.^[12]

1. ^ ^{a b} Steiner's autobiography gives his date of birth as 27 February 1861. However, there is an undated autobiographical fragment written by Steiner, referred to in a footnote in his autobiography in German (GA 28), that says, "My birth fell on 25 February 1861. Two days later I was baptized." See Christoph Lindenberg, Rudolf Steiner, Rowohlt 1992, ISBN 3-499-50500-2, p. 8. In 2009 new documentation appeared supporting a date of 27 February : see Günter Aschoff, "Rudolf Steiners Geburtstag am 27. Februar 1861 – Neue Dokumente" Diarsipkan 28 June 2014 di Wayback Machine., Das Goetheanum 2009/9, pp. 3ff
2. ^ Peter Selg (2014), Rudolf Steiner, Life and Work: Volume 1 (1861-1890): Childhood, Youth, and Study Years, SteinerBooks. ISBN 978-1-62148-084-6. Chapter 2
3. ^ Carlson, Maria (2015). No Religion Higher Than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875–1922. hlm. 33. ISBN 978-0-69160781-8. 
4. ^ Helmut Zander, Anthroposophie in Deutschland, Göttingen, 2007, ISBN 3-525-55452-4.
5. ^ Preparata, Guido Giacomo (Fall 2006), "Perishable Money in a Threefold Commonwealth: Rudolf Steiner and the Social Economics of an Anarchist Utopia", Review of Radical Economics, 38 (4): 619–48, doi:10.1177/0486613406293226  Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan).
6. ^ Paddock & Spiegler 2005
7. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Tarkovsky
8. ^ Some of the literature regarding Steiner's work in these various fields: Goulet, P: "Les Temps Modernes?", L'Architecture D'Aujourd'hui, December 1982, pp. 8–17; Architect Rudolf Steiner Diarsipkan 24 September 2015 di Wayback Machine. at GreatBuildings.com; Rudolf Steiner International Architecture Database; Brennan, M.: Rudolf Steiner ArtNet Magazine, 18 March 1998; Blunt, R.: Waldorf Education: Theory and Practice – A Background to the Educational Thought of Rudolf Steiner. Master Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 1995; Ogletree, E.J.: Rudolf Steiner: Unknown Educator, Elementary School Journal, 74(6): 344–352, March 1974; Nilsen, A.:A Comparison of Waldorf & Montessori Education Diarsipkan 10 October 2013 di Wayback Machine., University of Michigan; Rinder, L: Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings: An Aesthetic Perspective Diarsipkan 29 November 2005 di Wayback Machine. and exhibition of Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings Diarsipkan 2 February 2007 di Wayback Machine., at Berkeley Art Museum, 11 October 1997 – 4 January 1998; Aurélie Choné, "Rudolf Steiner's Mystery Plays: Literary Transcripts of an Esoteric Gnosis and/or Esoteric Attempt at Reconciliation between Art and Science?", Aries, Volume 6, Number 1, 2006, pp. 27–58(32), Brill publishing; Christopher Schaefer, "Rudolf Steiner as a Social Thinker", Re-vision Vol 15, 1992; and Antoine Faivre, Jacob Needleman, Karen Voss; Modern Esoteric Spirituality, Crossroad Publishing, 1992.
9. ^ "Who was Rudolf Steiner and what were his revolutionary teaching ideas?" Richard Garner, Education Editor, The Independent
10. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama CorrDoc
11. ^ Ruse, Michael (12 November 2018). The Problem of War: Darwinism, Christianity, and Their Battle to Understand Human Conflict. Oxford University Press. hlm. 97. ISBN 978-0-19-086757-7. 
12. ^ Paull, John (2018). "The Library of Rudolf Steiner: The Books in English". Journal of Social and Development Sciences. 9 (3): 21–46. doi:10.22610/jsds.v9i3.2475 .