Materia di Rydberg

La materia di Rydberg è una fase della materia formata da atomi di Rydberg; fu predetta intorno al 1980 da É. A. Manykin, M. I. Ozhovan e P. P. Poluéktov.^[1]^[2] È stata formata da vari elementi come il cesio,^[3] potassio,^[4] idrogeno^[5]^[6] e azoto;^[7] sono stati condotti degli studi su possibilità teoriche come sodio, berillio, magnesio e calcio.^[8]

È stato suggerito essere un materiale derivato da bande interstellari diffuse^[9]; stati di Rydberg circolari^[10], dove l'elettrone periferico giace in un'orbita circolare planare, sono i più stabili con tempi di vita di diverse ore^[11] e sono i più comuni.^[12]^[13]^[14] Quest'ipotesi, però, generalmente non è accettata dalla comunità astronomica.

^ É.A. Manykin, M.I. Ozhovan, P.P. Poluéktov, Transition of an excited gas to a metallic state, in Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. Lett., vol. 6, 1980, p. 95.
^ É.A. Manykin, M.I. Ozhovan, P.P. Poluéktov, On the collective electronic state in a system of strongly excited atoms, in Sov. Phys. Dokl., 26, 1981, pp. 974–975, Bibcode:1981SPhD...26..974M.
^ V.I. Yarygin, V.N. Sidel’nikov, I.I. Kasikov, V.S. Mironov, and S.M. Tulin, Experimental Study on the Possibility of Formation of a Condensate of Excited States in a Substance (Rydberg Matter), in JETP Letters, vol. 77, 2003, p. 280, Bibcode:2003JETPL..77..280Y, DOI:10.1134/1.1577757.
^ S. Badiei and L. Holmlid, Neutral Rydberg Matter clusters from K: Extreme cooling of translational degrees of freedom observed by neutral time-of-flight, in Chemical Physics, vol. 282, 2002, pp. 137–146, Bibcode:2002CP....282..137B, DOI:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00601-8.
^ S. Badiei and L. Holmlid, Experimental studies of fast fragments of H Rydberg matter, in Journal of Physics B, vol. 39, 2006, pp. 4191–4212, Bibcode:2006JPhB...39.4191B, DOI:10.1088/0953-4075/39/20/017.
^ J. Wang, Rydberg Matter clusters of hydrogen (H₂)N* with well-defined kinetic energy release observed by neutral time-of-flight, in Chemical Physics, vol. 277, 2002, p. 201, Bibcode:2002CP....277..201W, DOI:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00303-8.
^ S. Badiei and L. Holmlid, Rydberg Matter of K and N₂: Angular dependence of the time-of-flight for neutral and ionized clusters formed in Coulomb explosions, in International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol. 220, 2002, p. 127, DOI:10.1016/S1387-3806(02)00689-9.
^ A.V. Popov, Search for Rydberg matter: Beryllium, magnesium and calcium, in Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 56, 2006, pp. B1294, Bibcode:2006CzJPh..56B1294P, DOI:10.1007/s10582-006-0365-2.
^ L. Holmlid, The diffuse interstellar band carriers in interstellar space: All intense bands calculated from He doubly excited states embedded in Rydberg Matter, in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 384, 2008, pp. 764–774, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.384..764H, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12753.x.
^ J. Liang, M. Gross, P. Goy, S. Haroche, Circular Rydberg-state spectroscopy, in Physical Review A, vol. 33, 1986, pp. 4437–4439, Bibcode:1986PhRvA..33.4437L, DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.33.4437, PMID 9897204.
^ R.L. Sorochenko, Postulation, detection and observations of radio recombination lines, in M.A. Gordon, R.L. Sorochenko (a cura di), Radio recombination lines: 25 years of investigation, Kluwer, 1990, p. 1, ISBN 0-7923-0804-2.
^ L. Holmlid, Direct observation of circular Rydberg electrons in a Rydberg Matter surface layer by electronic circular dichroism, in Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 19, 2007, p. 276206, Bibcode:2007JPCM...19A6206H, DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/19/27/276206.
^ L. Holmlid, Stimulated emission spectroscopy of Rydberg Matter: observation of Rydberg orbits in the core ions, in Applied Physics B, vol. 87, 2007, pp. 273–281, Bibcode:2007ApPhB..87..273H, DOI:10.1007/s00340-007-2579-9.
^ L. Holmlid, Nuclear spin transitions in the kHz range in Rydberg Matter clusters give precise values of the internal magnetic field from orbiting Rydberg electrons, in Chemical Physics, vol. 358, 2009, pp. 61–67, Bibcode:2009CP....358...61H, DOI:10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.12.019.

[1] É.A. Manykin, M.I. Ozhovan, P.P. Poluéktov, Transition of an excited gas to a metallic state, in Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. Lett., vol. 6, 1980, p. 95.

[A._Manykin,_M._I_1981-2] É.A. Manykin, M.I. Ozhovan, P.P. Poluéktov, On the collective electronic state in a system of strongly excited atoms, in Sov. Phys. Dokl., 26, 1981, pp. 974–975, Bibcode:1981SPhD...26..974M.

[I._Yarygin,_V._N_2003-3] V.I. Yarygin, V.N. Sidel’nikov, I.I. Kasikov, V.S. Mironov, and S.M. Tulin, Experimental Study on the Possibility of Formation of a Condensate of Excited States in a Substance (Rydberg Matter), in JETP Letters, vol. 77, 2003, p. 280, Bibcode:2003JETPL..77..280Y, DOI:10.1134/1.1577757.

[4] S. Badiei and L. Holmlid, Neutral Rydberg Matter clusters from K: Extreme cooling of translational degrees of freedom observed by neutral time-of-flight, in Chemical Physics, vol. 282, 2002, pp. 137–146, Bibcode:2002CP....282..137B, DOI:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00601-8.

[5] S. Badiei and L. Holmlid, Experimental studies of fast fragments of H Rydberg matter, in Journal of Physics B, vol. 39, 2006, pp. 4191–4212, Bibcode:2006JPhB...39.4191B, DOI:10.1088/0953-4075/39/20/017.

[cp201-6] J. Wang, Rydberg Matter clusters of hydrogen (H₂)N* with well-defined kinetic energy release observed by neutral time-of-flight, in Chemical Physics, vol. 277, 2002, p. 201, Bibcode:2002CP....277..201W, DOI:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00303-8.

[7] S. Badiei and L. Holmlid, Rydberg Matter of K and N₂: Angular dependence of the time-of-flight for neutral and ionized clusters formed in Coulomb explosions, in International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol. 220, 2002, p. 127, DOI:10.1016/S1387-3806(02)00689-9.

[8] A.V. Popov, Search for Rydberg matter: Beryllium, magnesium and calcium, in Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 56, 2006, pp. B1294, Bibcode:2006CzJPh..56B1294P, DOI:10.1007/s10582-006-0365-2.

[L._Holmlid_2008-9] L. Holmlid, The diffuse interstellar band carriers in interstellar space: All intense bands calculated from He doubly excited states embedded in Rydberg Matter, in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 384, 2008, pp. 764–774, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.384..764H, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12753.x.

[10] J. Liang, M. Gross, P. Goy, S. Haroche, Circular Rydberg-state spectroscopy, in Physical Review A, vol. 33, 1986, pp. 4437–4439, Bibcode:1986PhRvA..33.4437L, DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.33.4437, PMID 9897204.

[11] R.L. Sorochenko, Postulation, detection and observations of radio recombination lines, in M.A. Gordon, R.L. Sorochenko (a cura di), Radio recombination lines: 25 years of investigation, Kluwer, 1990, p. 1, ISBN 0-7923-0804-2.

[L._Holmlid_2007_surface-12] L. Holmlid, Direct observation of circular Rydberg electrons in a Rydberg Matter surface layer by electronic circular dichroism, in Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 19, 2007, p. 276206, Bibcode:2007JPCM...19A6206H, DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/19/27/276206.

[L._Holmlid_2007-13] L. Holmlid, Stimulated emission spectroscopy of Rydberg Matter: observation of Rydberg orbits in the core ions, in Applied Physics B, vol. 87, 2007, pp. 273–281, Bibcode:2007ApPhB..87..273H, DOI:10.1007/s00340-007-2579-9.

[14] L. Holmlid, Nuclear spin transitions in the kHz range in Rydberg Matter clusters give precise values of the internal magnetic field from orbiting Rydberg electrons, in Chemical Physics, vol. 358, 2009, pp. 61–67, Bibcode:2009CP....358...61H, DOI:10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.12.019.

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