Simetri dalam biologi

Pilihan haiwan yang menunjukkan pelbagai simetri badan yang mungkin, termasuk pelan badan asimetri, jejari dan dua hala

Simetri dalam biologi merujuk kepada simetri yang diperhatikan dalam organisma, termasuk tumbuhan, haiwan, kulat dan bakteria. Simetri luaran boleh dilihat dengan mudah dengan hanya melihat organisma. Sebagai contoh, ambil wajah manusia yang mempunyai satah simetri di bahagian tengahnya, atau kon pain dengan corak lingkaran simetri yang jelas. Ciri dalaman juga boleh menunjukkan simetri, contohnya tiub dalam badan manusia (bertanggungjawab untuk mengangkut gas, nutrien dan bahan buangan) yang berbentuk silinder dan mempunyai beberapa satah simetri.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

^ Holló, Gábor (2015). "A new paradigm for animal symmetry". Interface Focus. 5 (6): 20150032. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2015.0032. PMC 4633854. PMID 26640644.
^ McBirney, Alexander (2009). Georges Cuvier. In: The Philosophy of Zoology Before Darwin. Springer, Dordrecht. m/s. 87–98.
^ Waggoner, Ben M. "Georges Cuvier (1769–1832)". UCMP Berkeley. Dicapai pada 8 March 2018. Cuvier's insistence on the functional integration of organisms led him to classify animals into four "branches," or embranchements: Vertebrata, Articulata (arthropods and segmented worms), Mollusca (which at the time meant all other soft, bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates), and Radiata (cnidarians and echinoderms).
^ Cuvier, Georges; Griffith, Edward; Pidgeon, Edward (1834). The Mollusca and Radiata: Arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with Supplementary Additions to Each Order. Whittaker and Company. m/s. 435–.

[A_new_paradigm_for_animal_symmetry-1] Holló, Gábor (2015). "A new paradigm for animal symmetry". Interface Focus. 5 (6): 20150032. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2015.0032. PMC 4633854. PMID 26640644.

[2] McBirney, Alexander (2009). Georges Cuvier. In: The Philosophy of Zoology Before Darwin. Springer, Dordrecht. m/s. 87–98.

[3] Waggoner, Ben M. "Georges Cuvier (1769–1832)". UCMP Berkeley. Dicapai pada 8 March 2018. Cuvier's insistence on the functional integration of organisms led him to classify animals into four "branches," or embranchements: Vertebrata, Articulata (arthropods and segmented worms), Mollusca (which at the time meant all other soft, bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates), and Radiata (cnidarians and echinoderms).

[Whittaker_and_Company-4] Cuvier, Georges; Griffith, Edward; Pidgeon, Edward (1834). The Mollusca and Radiata: Arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with Supplementary Additions to Each Order. Whittaker and Company. m/s. 435–.

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