Estado comunista

Um Estado comunista, também conhecido como Estado Marxista-Leninista, é um Estado unipartidário que é administrado e governado por um partido comunista guiado pelo Marxismo-Leninismo. O Marxismo-Leninismo foi a ideologia estatal da União Soviética, do Comintern após o Bolchevismo e dos Estados comunistas dentro do Comecon, do Bloco de Leste, do Pacto de Varsóvia e de vários Estados do Movimento Não Alinhado e do Terceiro Mundo durante a Guerra Fria.^[1]^[2] O Marxismo-Leninismo continua a ser a ideologia de vários Estados comunistas em todo o mundo e a ideologia oficial dos partidos governantes da Coreia do Norte, China, Cuba, Laos e Vietname.^[3]

Os Estados comunistas são tipicamente administrados através do centralismo democrático por um único aparelho partidário comunista centralizado. Estes partidos são geralmente marxistas-leninistas ou alguma variação nacional, como o maoísmo ou o titoísmo, com o objetivo oficial de alcançar o socialismo e progredir para uma sociedade comunista. Há vários casos de Estados comunistas com processos de participação política eficazes também envolvendo várias outras organizações não partidárias, tais como a participação democrática direta, comités de fábrica e sindicatos, com o partido comunista a permanecer o centro do poder.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Como termo, o Estado comunista é utilizado por historiadores ocidentais, cientistas políticos e meios de comunicação social para se referir a estes países e distingui-los de outros Estados socialistas. Contudo, estes Estados não se descrevem a si próprios como comunistas nem afirmam ter alcançado o comunismo - referem-se a si próprios como Estados socialistas que estão no processo de construção do socialismo.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] Os termos utilizados pelos Estados comunistas incluem Estados nacionais-democráticos, Estados democrático-populares, Estados socialistas e Estados de trabalhadores e camponeses.^[13]

↑ Bottomore, T. B. (1991). A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 54.
↑ Hanson, S. E. (2001). «Marxism/Leninism». International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 9298–9302. ISBN 9780080430768. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01174-8
↑ Cooke, Chris, ed. (1998). Dictionary of Historical Terms (2nd ed.). pp. 221–222, 305.
↑ Sloan, Pat (1937). Soviet Democracy. London: Left Book Club; Victor Gollancz Ltd
↑ Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1935). Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?. London: Longmans
↑ Farber, Samuel (1992). «Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy». Studies in Soviet Thought. 44 (3): 229–230
↑ Getzler, Israel (2002) [1982]. Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521894425
↑ Busky, Donald F. (20 de julho de 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. [S.l.]: Praeger. p. 9. ISBN 978-0275968861. In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.
↑ Wilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990. [S.l.]: Aldine Transaction. 21 páginas. ISBN 978-0202362281. Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.
↑ Steele, David Ramsay (setembro de 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. [S.l.]: Open Court. p. 45. ISBN 978-0875484495. Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.
↑ Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (23 de julho de 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. [S.l.]: MIT Press. 14 páginas. ISBN 978-0262182348. Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.
↑ Williams, Raymond (1983). «Socialism». Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8. The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism. |url-access= requer |url= (ajuda)
↑ Nation, R. Craig (1992). Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. [S.l.]: Cornell University Press. pp. 85–6. ISBN 978-0801480072. Consultado em 19 de dezembro de 2014. Arquivado do original em 1 de agosto de 2019

[1] Bottomore, T. B. (1991). A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 54.

[:0-2] Hanson, S. E. (2001). «Marxism/Leninism». International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 9298–9302. ISBN 9780080430768. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01174-8

[3] Cooke, Chris, ed. (1998). Dictionary of Historical Terms (2nd ed.). pp. 221–222, 305.

[4] Sloan, Pat (1937). Soviet Democracy. London: Left Book Club; Victor Gollancz Ltd

[5] Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1935). Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?. London: Longmans

[6] Farber, Samuel (1992). «Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy». Studies in Soviet Thought. 44 (3): 229–230

[7] Getzler, Israel (2002) [1982]. Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521894425

[8] Busky, Donald F. (20 de julho de 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. [S.l.]: Praeger. p. 9. ISBN 978-0275968861. In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.

[The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990-9] Wilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990. [S.l.]: Aldine Transaction. 21 páginas. ISBN 978-0202362281. Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.

[10] Steele, David Ramsay (setembro de 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. [S.l.]: Open Court. p. 45. ISBN 978-0875484495. Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.

[11] Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (23 de julho de 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. [S.l.]: MIT Press. 14 páginas. ISBN 978-0262182348. Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.

[Williams_1983_289-12] Williams, Raymond (1983). «Socialism». Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8. The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism. |url-access= requer |url= (ajuda)

[13] Nation, R. Craig (1992). Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. [S.l.]: Cornell University Press. pp. 85–6. ISBN 978-0801480072. Consultado em 19 de dezembro de 2014. Arquivado do original em 1 de agosto de 2019

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