Isus cel istoric

Acest articol se referă la Isus din Nazaret privit din punct de vedere istoric. Pentru Isus privit din punct de vedere teologic, vedeți Isus din Nazaret.

Date personale
Isus cel istoric
Una din cele mai vechi reprezentări ale tânărului Isus. (Frescă din secolul al III-lea, Catacombele din Roma)
Născut	Nazaret, Districtul de Nord, Israel
Decedat	7 aprilie 30 d.Hr.^[1] Ierusalim, Roman Palestine^⁠(d)
Cauza decesului	pedeapsa cu moartea (răstignire)
Părinți	Iosif din Nazaret Fecioara Maria
Frați și surori	Iacob cel Drept Iosif[] Iuda[] Simon[*]
Etnie	evreu
Religie	iudaism
Ocupație	predicator
Locul desfășurării activității	Galileea Provincia Iudeea
Limbi vorbite	Jewish Palestinian Aramaic[*] Ebraica biblică arhaică Limba greacă comună
Activitate
Profesor pentru	Iacob cel Drept, Simon Petru
Modifică date / text

În secolul al XXI-lea, a treia căutare a lui Iisus cel istoric a însemnat și o fragmentare a portretelor academice ale lui Isus, după care însă nu a putut fi obținută nicio imagine unitară a lui Iisus.^[2]^[3]

Isus sau Iisus (în aramaică ישוע, Ieșu, în ebraică יֵשׁוּעַ‎, Ieșua arhaic Iehoșua, grecizat Ἰησοῦς, Iesous, latinizat Iesus; n. ca. 4 î.e.n.,^[4]^[5]^[6] probabil Nazaret^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] — d. 30 e.n. sau 33 e.n.^[4], Ierusalim) a fost un predicator evreu din Galileea, Iudeea, care a trăit în timpul ocupației romane a Israelului și care a fost crucificat în Ierusalim în jurul anului 30 sau 33, sub guvernarea lui Ponțiu Pilat.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Isus a fost în viața reală liderul unei „secte apocaliptice evreiești marginale”.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

^ Jesus "Christus" von Nazaret (în germană), Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon
^ The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria by Gerd Theissen and Dagmar Winter (Aug 30, 2002) ISBN 0664225373 page 5
^ Jesus Research: An International Perspective (Princeton-Prague Symposia Series on the Historical Jesus) by James H. Charlesworth and Petr Pokorny (Sep 15, 2009) ISBN 0802863531 pages 1-2
^ ^a ^b Sanders, E.P. (1993:11,249) The Historical Figure of Jesus. London: Allen Lane Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-7139-9059-1.
^ Potrivit papei Benedict al XVI-lea, Iisus s-a născut de fapt cu câțiva ani înaintea datei de referință folosite în prezent, cel mai probabil între 6-4 î.Hr. - Papa Benedict al XVI-lea ȘOCHEAZĂ: Iisus s-a născut mai devreme, calendarul creștin este greșit!, 22 noiembrie 2012, Cristina Botezatu, Evenimentul zilei
^ Nick Squires - Jesus was born years earlier than thought, claims Pope Arhivat în 28 martie 2014, la Wayback Machine., The Telegraph, 21 noiembrie 2012
^ Martin, Dale. 13. The Historical Jesus pe YouTube. Yale Courses. Martin, Dale. „RLST 152 - Lecture 13 - Open Yale Courses”. The Historical Jesus. Accesat în 6 februarie 2023. That means a Jesus of Nazareth constructed using the same kinds of historical tools as historians would use to construct the historical George Washington, the historical Socrates, the historical Plato, the historical Abraham Lincoln. That’s a construction though. Those theoretical points are very important because when I talk about the historical Jesus you cannot think, like most popular people think, that what I’m talking about is the real Jesus, the Jesus as he really was, or certainly not the Jesus of Christian faith. [...] And so you kind of think in your popular mindset, well, why wouldn't kings who lived during the time of Jesus have heard about him and know about him? He did all these miraculous deeds; wouldn't he have been world famous? In fact a lot of modern people have the same idea. They're very surprised when they realize that Jesus actually--nobody knew anything about him in his lifetime. They say, but he did all these miracles and the Gospel--these crowds that followed him and these kinds of things, wouldn't that really have made the headlines of the time? You say, well there actually were a lot of miracle workers running around the ancient world. There were a lot of prophets; there were a lot of people claiming to raise the dead. It wasn't that unusual a thing. So, no, Jesus wasn't famous during his own lifetime.
^ Eroare la citare: Etichetă <ref> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite savage
^ Eroare la citare: Etichetă <ref> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite strauss
^ Eroare la citare: Etichetă <ref> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite isbouts
^ Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 339
^ Brown (1994) p. 964
Carson (1992) et al., pp. 50–56.
Crossan (1993), pp. xi–xiii.
Fredriksen (1999), pp. 6–7, 105–10, 232–34, 266.
Meier (1991), pp. 68, 146, 199, 278, 386.
Meier (1994), pp. 12–13.
Vermes (1973), p. 37.
Maier, Paul L. (1991). In the Fullness of Time. Kregel. pp. 1, 99, 121, 171.
Wright, N. T. (1998). The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions. HarperCollins. pp. 32, 83, 100–102, 222.
Witherington III 1998.
^ Robert E. Van Voorst states that biblical scholars and classical historians regard theories of non-existence of Jesus as effectively refuted. Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 page 16
^ Segal, Alan F. (1997). Davis, Stephen T.; Kendall, Daniel; O'Collins, Gerald, ed. The Resurrection: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of Jesus. OUP Oxford. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-815091-6. marginal Jewish apocalyptic cult
^ Gray, John (2011). Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia. Penguin Books Limited. p. PT19. ISBN 978-0-241-95917-6. Yet some such belief was a central feature of the apocalyptic cult to which the followers of Jesus belonged. The outbursts of chiliasm that recur throughout western history are heretical reversions to Christian origins.
^ BDEhrman (31 ianuarie 2013), „How Jesus Became God: The *Original* Idea”, ehrmanblog.org (în engleză)
^ Nel, Marius; Balia, Daryl (2018). An African Pentecostal Hermeneutics: A Distinctive Contribution to Hermeneutics. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-5326-6086-3. The Christian movement might have started as an apocalyptic sect within Judaism and it was initially contained within the mother religion.⁴⁴ 44. Tripolitis, Religions of the Hellenistic-Roman Age, 92.
^ Orlin, Eric, ed. (2015). Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. Taylor & Francis. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-134-62552-9. Accesat în 31 decembrie 2021. Jesus' literacy remains disputed, as is the nature of his teaching, yet most scholars regard Jesus' message as heavily apocalyptic.
^ Tripolitis, Antonia (2002). Religions of the Hellenistic-Roman Age. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8028-4913-7. Accesat în 12 septembrie 2023. The Christian movement began as an apocalyptic sect within Judaism.

[602b47f6f4788a684c1fd667c7562433-1] Jesus "Christus" von Nazaret (în germană), Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon

[GerdD5-2] The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria by Gerd Theissen and Dagmar Winter (Aug 30, 2002) ISBN 0664225373 page 5

[Charlesworth2-3] Jesus Research: An International Perspective (Princeton-Prague Symposia Series on the Historical Jesus) by James H. Charlesworth and Petr Pokorny (Sep 15, 2009) ISBN 0802863531 pages 1-2

[sanders-4] Sanders, E.P. (1993:11,249) The Historical Figure of Jesus. London: Allen Lane Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-7139-9059-1.

[5] Potrivit papei Benedict al XVI-lea, Iisus s-a născut de fapt cu câțiva ani înaintea datei de referință folosite în prezent, cel mai probabil între 6-4 î.Hr. - Papa Benedict al XVI-lea ȘOCHEAZĂ: Iisus s-a născut mai devreme, calendarul creștin este greșit!, 22 noiembrie 2012, Cristina Botezatu, Evenimentul zilei

[6] Nick Squires - Jesus was born years earlier than thought, claims Pope Arhivat în 28 martie 2014, la Wayback Machine., The Telegraph, 21 noiembrie 2012

[dalemartin-7] Martin, Dale. 13. The Historical Jesus pe YouTube. Yale Courses. Martin, Dale. „RLST 152 - Lecture 13 - Open Yale Courses”. The Historical Jesus. Accesat în 6 februarie 2023. That means a Jesus of Nazareth constructed using the same kinds of historical tools as historians would use to construct the historical George Washington, the historical Socrates, the historical Plato, the historical Abraham Lincoln. That’s a construction though. Those theoretical points are very important because when I talk about the historical Jesus you cannot think, like most popular people think, that what I’m talking about is the real Jesus, the Jesus as he really was, or certainly not the Jesus of Christian faith. [...] And so you kind of think in your popular mindset, well, why wouldn't kings who lived during the time of Jesus have heard about him and know about him? He did all these miraculous deeds; wouldn't he have been world famous? In fact a lot of modern people have the same idea. They're very surprised when they realize that Jesus actually--nobody knew anything about him in his lifetime. They say, but he did all these miracles and the Gospel--these crowds that followed him and these kinds of things, wouldn't that really have made the headlines of the time? You say, well there actually were a lot of miracle workers running around the ancient world. There were a lot of prophets; there were a lot of people claiming to raise the dead. It wasn't that unusual a thing. So, no, Jesus wasn't famous during his own lifetime.

[savage-8] Eroare la citare: Etichetă <ref> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite savage

[strauss-9] Eroare la citare: Etichetă <ref> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite strauss

[isbouts-10] Eroare la citare: Etichetă <ref> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite isbouts

[11] Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 339

[brown964-12] Brown (1994) p. 964
Carson (1992) et al., pp. 50–56.
Crossan (1993), pp. xi–xiii.
Fredriksen (1999), pp. 6–7, 105–10, 232–34, 266.
Meier (1991), pp. 68, 146, 199, 278, 386.
Meier (1994), pp. 12–13.
Vermes (1973), p. 37.
Maier, Paul L. (1991). In the Fullness of Time. Kregel. pp. 1, 99, 121, 171.
Wright, N. T. (1998). The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions. HarperCollins. pp. 32, 83, 100–102, 222.
Witherington III 1998.

[13] Robert E. Van Voorst states that biblical scholars and classical historians regard theories of non-existence of Jesus as effectively refuted. Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 page 16

[Davis_Kendall_OCollins_1997_p._112-14] Segal, Alan F. (1997). Davis, Stephen T.; Kendall, Daniel; O'Collins, Gerald, ed. The Resurrection: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of Jesus. OUP Oxford. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-815091-6. marginal Jewish apocalyptic cult

[Gray_2011_p._19-15] Gray, John (2011). Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia. Penguin Books Limited. p. PT19. ISBN 978-0-241-95917-6. Yet some such belief was a central feature of the apocalyptic cult to which the followers of Jesus belonged. The outbursts of chiliasm that recur throughout western history are heretical reversions to Christian origins.

[16] BDEhrman (31 ianuarie 2013), „How Jesus Became God: The *Original* Idea”, ehrmanblog.org (în engleză)

[Nel_Balia_2018_p._208-17] Nel, Marius; Balia, Daryl (2018). An African Pentecostal Hermeneutics: A Distinctive Contribution to Hermeneutics. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-5326-6086-3. The Christian movement might have started as an apocalyptic sect within Judaism and it was initially contained within the mother religion.⁴⁴ 44. Tripolitis, Religions of the Hellenistic-Roman Age, 92.

[18] Orlin, Eric, ed. (2015). Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. Taylor & Francis. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-134-62552-9. Accesat în 31 decembrie 2021. Jesus' literacy remains disputed, as is the nature of his teaching, yet most scholars regard Jesus' message as heavily apocalyptic.

[Tripolitis_2002_p._92-19] Tripolitis, Antonia (2002). Religions of the Hellenistic-Roman Age. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8028-4913-7. Accesat în 12 septembrie 2023. The Christian movement began as an apocalyptic sect within Judaism.

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