Commonwealth of the Philippines

Commonwealth of the Philippines Commonwealth de Filipinas (Spanish)[1][2] Komonwelt ng Pilipinas (Tagalog)[3]
1935–1942 Japanese occupation: 1942–45 1945–1946
Flag of the United States (top) Flag of the Philippines (bottom) Coat of arms
Anthem: The Philippine Hymn (from September 5, 1938)[4]
Location of the Philippines in Southeast Asia.
Status	Associated state and protectorate of the United States
Capital	Manilaa
Common languages	Spanish[5] English[5]
Government	Presidential commonwealth
President
• 1935–44	Manuel L. Quezon
• 1944–46	Sergio Osmeña
• 1946	Manuel Roxas
High Commissioner
• 1935–37	Frank Murphy
• 1937–39	Paul V. McNutt
• 1939–42	Francis Bowes Sayre
• 1945–46	Paul V. McNutt
Vice President
• 1935–44	Sergio Osmeña
• 1946	Elpidio Quirino
Legislature	National Assembly (1935–41) Congress (1945–46)
Historical era	Interwar, World War II
• Tydings–McDuffie Act	15 November[6][7][8][9] 1935
• Independence	4 July 1946
• Treaty of Manila	22 October 1946
Area
1939	300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1939	16000303
Currency	Peso
Preceded by Succeeded by Insular Government Philippine Executive Commission Third Philippine Republic
Today part of	Philippines
Capital held by enemy forces between 24 December 1941 and 27 February 1945. Temporary capitals were: Corregidor Island from 24 December 1941; Iloilo City from 22 February 1942; Bacolod from 26 February; Buenos Aires, Bago City from 27 February; Oroquieta from 19 March; Bukidnon from 23 March; government-in-exile in Melbourne, Australia, in April; government-in-exile in Washington, D.C., from May 1942 to October 1944; Tacloban from 20 October 1944. The Commonwealth government continued its existence as a government-in-exile in the United States during the Japanese Occupation and later as the Third Republic. In effect, there existed two Philippine governments during the Japanese occupation.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Spanish: Commonwealth de Filipinas,^[1][3] Tagalog: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas) was the name of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when it was still controlled by the United States. The Philippine Commonwealth had been created by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which was approved by the U.S. Congress in 1934. When Manuel L. Quezon became president in 1935, he was the first Filipino to head an elected government in the Philippines.

The President of the Philippine Commonwealth had strong control of the islands and was guided by a Supreme Court. The National Assembly or law-making part of the government, members mostly come from the Nacionalista Party, was at first only one, but later became two, a lower part and a higher part. In 1937, the government chose Tagalog, the language of Manila, as the national language. Women were allowed to vote, and the economy was strong.

The Philippine Commonwealth government was forced out of the country from 1942–1945, when the Philippines was under Japanese control. In 1946, the Philippine Commonwealth ended when the Third Philippines Republic began.

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} "Official Ballot". Presidential Museum and Library. Retrieved 2017-07-12. Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines – Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas
2. ↑ Article XIV, Section 10, of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which reads "[t]his Constitution shall be officially promulgated in English and Spanish, but in case of conflict the English text shall prevail."
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} "Constitutional Law". Philconsa Yearbook. Philippine Constitution Association. 1965. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
   "Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt". Bureau of Elementry Education. Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
4. ↑ Wikisource:Commonwealth Act No. 382.
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1} Mair, Christian (2003). The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies. NL: Rodopi. pp. 479–82. ISBN 978-90-420-0876-2. Retrieved 17 February 2011. 497 pp.
   Roger M. Thompson (1 January 2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 27–29. ISBN 90-272-4891-5.
   Christian Mair (1 January 2003). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi. p. 480. ISBN 90-420-0876-8.
   Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee Hock An (23 February 2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3.
6. ↑ Timeline 1930–1939, PH: St. Scholastica's College, archived from the original on 2009-04-05, retrieved 2011-06-02.
7. ↑ Gin Ooi 2004, p. 387.
8. ↑ Zaide 1994, p. 319.
9. ↑ Roosevelt, Franklin D (November 14, 1935), "Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines", The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937, Santa Barbara: University of California, This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose.