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![]() | Columns are currently supported only by newer versions of Gecko-based browsers (such as Mozilla Firefox) and WebKit-based browsers (such as Google Chrome and Safari). All versions of Internet Explorer through to version 9 and Opera through to version 11 do not support columns. See below for more information. |
This citation template provides formatting and organizational features for footnotes. It encapsulates the <references />
tag used by the Cite.php
MediaWiki extension to show the list of references as defined by <ref>
tags. It adds support for a reduced font size, columns, groups and List-defined references.
<ref name=name />
); it specifies a list of some or all named references used in the article{{Reflist|group=groupname}}
renders all references with groupname as the group name (<ref>
)Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} |
Lorem ipsum.[1]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2] |
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. ==References== {{Refbegin}} * reference 1 * reference 2 {{Refend}} |
Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
|
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|close}} {{Refbegin}} * reference 1 * reference 2 {{Refend}} |
Lorem ipsum.[1]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2]
|
Using {{Reflist|2}}
will create a two-column reference list, and {{Reflist|3}}
will create a three-column list, and so on. Choose the number of columns that is appropriate for the average width of the references on the page.
Using {{Reflist|30em}}
will create columns with a minimum width of 30 em, allowing the browser to automatically choose the number of columns based on the width of the web browser. Choose a column width that is appropriate for the average width of the references on the page.
Columns are currently supported only by Gecko-based browsers (such as Mozilla Firefox) and WebKit-based browsers (such as Google Chrome and Safari). See below for more information.
The use of columns can result in widows and orphans, where a citation at the bottom of a column may be split to the top of the next column. There are CSS3 selectors that could resolve this, but they are not yet supported by any major browsers.
See also bug combining grouped references and columns.
Reference lists are by default numbered lists. By using the |liststyle=
parameter, you can control how the list is rendered. For example, using |liststyle=upper-roman
will result in items being prefixed with roman numerals instead of decimal numbers. The parameter accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type
as shown below.
The citations in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
|liststyle=
does not exactly match one of the predefined values|liststyle=
is enclosed by quotesPadron:CSS list-style-type values
If {{Reflist}} is used multiple times without a parameter, each instance will include all of the previously defined references. To force the parser to close previous references, each use of {{Reflist}} must be forced as a new instance by the use of any parameter. If no parameter is desired, the convention is to use the undefined parameter {{Reflist|close}}
.
A list of references may be defined within {{Reflist}} using the |refs=
parameter, just like including named <ref name=". . ."> elements inside the <references /> container. This has been available since September 2009. There are new error messages associated with this feature, documented at Help:Cite errors, including one for references defined in {{Reflist}} but not used within the body.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
This is reference 1.<ref name="refname1" /> This is reference 2.<ref name="refname2" /> ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="refname1">content1</ref> <ref name="refname2">content2</ref> }} |
This is reference 1.[1]
This is reference 2.[2] |
As of June 2008, the footnotes system supports the separation of references into groups. This allows groups for explanatory notes, table references and the like. See WP:REFGROUP.
The general format for the reference tag is:
<ref group="groupname">
And using |group=
for the reflist:
{{Reflist|group="groupname"}}
There are three pre-defined group names that will automatically cause the link labels and this template to display other characters instead of numbers (see List styles above). These are: "lower-alpha" (a, b, c...), "lower-greek" (α, β, γ...) and "lower-roman" (i, ii, iii...) and must be written without quotes.
See also bug combining grouped references and columns.
The font size should reduce to 90% for most browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for Internet Explorer and possibly other browsers.[1] As of December 21, 2010, the standard <references />
tag has the same font styling. The smaller font may be disabled through Special:Preferences → Gadgets → Disable smaller font sizes of elements such as Infoboxes, Navboxes and References lists.
Internet Explorer |
Firefox | Safari | Chrome | Opera |
---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 9 | ≤ 1.0 | ≤ 2 | — | ≤ 11.0 |
10 (2012) |
≥ 1.5 (2005) |
≥ 3 (2007) |
≥ 1 (2008) |
≥ 11.1 (2011) |
Multiple columns are generated by using CSS3, which is still in development; thus only browsers that properly support the multi-column property will show multiple columns with {{Reflist}}.[2][3]
These browsers support CSS3 columns:
These browsers do not support CSS3 columns:
{{Reflist}} uses a CSS rule in MediaWiki:Common.css to set the font size:
div.reflist { font-size: 90%; }
One of the following classes is assigned by the template when either column count or column width is set:
.references-column-count
and .references-column-count-n
(where n
is the number of columns).references-column-width
The following CSS properties are utilized using the {{column-count}} and {{column-width}} templates:
column-count
CSS3 standardcolumn-width
CSS3 standard-moz-column-count
Mozilla CSS extension-moz-column-width
Mozilla CSS extension-webkit-column-count
Webkit CSS extension-webkit-column-width
Webkit CSS extensionBy editing your CSS, the personal appearance of the reference list can be customized. From Preferences, select the Appearance tab, then on the selected skin select Custom CSS. After editing and saving, follow the instructions at the top of the page to purge. See Wikipedia:Skin#Customisation (advanced users) for more help.
The font size for all reference lists defaults to 90% of the standard size. To change it, add:
ol.references,
div.reflist,
div.refbegin {
font-size: 90%;
}
Change 90% to the desired size.
To disable columns, add:
.references-column-count, .references-column-width {
column-count: 1 !important;
column-width: auto !important;
-moz-column-count: 1 !important;
-moz-column-width: auto !important;
-webkit-column-count: 1 !important;
-webkit-column-width: auto !important;
}
Similarly, to force all reference lists to a number of columns, change the number.
To add dividers (rules) between columns, add:
.references-column-count, .references-column-width {
column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;
-moz-column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;
-webkit-column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;
}
You can alter the appearance of the dividers by changing the values.
Do not use spaces around the column/width parameter, e.g. {{Reflist|15em |group="e"}}
will fail to display columns.
There have been a number of requests to add functionality for a collapsible or scrolling reference list. These requests have not been fulfilled to due to issues with readability, accessibility, and printing. The applicable guidelines are at MOS:SCROLL. Links between the inline cite and the reference list do not work when the reference list is enclosed in a collapsed box.
To display the reference list in a scrollbox or collapsed per user, see Help:Reference display customization.
For discussion on previous attempts to do this with a template, see the discussions for Scrollref and Refbox.
There have been suggestions to include section header markup such as ==References==
. This is inadvisable because:
Variants
|group=lower-alpha
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
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