Kingdom of Asturias

Kingdom of Asturias
*Asturum Regnum* (Latin)
*Reinu d'Asturies* (Asturian)
Kingdom of Asturias Asturum Regnum (Latin); Reinu d'Asturies (Asturian)
718–924
	Cruz de la Victoria, the jewelled cross as a pre-heraldic symbol
	Location of the Kingdom of Asturias in 814 AD
	The Kingdom of Asturias c. 800 AD
Capital	Cangas de Onís, San Martín del Rey Aurelio, Pravia, Oviedo
Common languages	Latin, Vulgar Latin (Astur-Leonese, Castilian, Galician-Portuguese), East Germanic varieties (minority speakers of Visigothic and Vandalic) As well as Possible dialects of Vasconic
Religion	Christianity (official)
Government	Absolute elective monarchy (until 842); Absolute hereditary monarchy (from 842)
King
• 718–737	Pelagius of Asturias
• 910–924	Fruela II of Asturias
Historical era	Early Middle Ages
• Battle of Covadonga	718
• Monarchy becomes hereditary	842
• Split off of Galicia and León	910
• Incorporated into the Kingdom of León	924
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Visigothic Kingdom
Kingdom of León
County of Portugal
Today part of	Spain; Portugal

43°21′45″N 5°50′35″W / 43.36250°N 5.84306°W / 43.36250; -5.84306

The Kingdom of Asturias^[3] was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius. It was the first Christian political entity established after the Umayyad conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711.^[4] In 718 or 722 (sources differ), Pelagius defeated an Umayyad army at the Battle of Covadonga, in what is retroactively regarded as the beginning of the Reconquista.

The Asturian kings would occasionally make peace with the Muslims, particularly at times when they needed to pursue their other enemies, the Basques and rebels in Galicia. Thus Fruela I (757–768) fought Muslims but also defeated the Basques and Galicians,^[5] and Silo (774–783) made peace with the Muslims but not with the Galicians. Under King Alfonso II (791–842), the kingdom was firmly established with Alfonso's recognition as king of Asturias by Charlemagne and the Pope. He conquered Galicia and the Basques. During his reign, the holy bones of St James the Great were declared to be found in Galicia, in Compostela (from Latin campus stellae, literally "the field of the star"). Pilgrims from all over Europe opened a way of communication between the isolated Asturias and the Carolingian lands and beyond. Alfonso's policy consisted in depopulating the borders of Bardulia (which would turn into Castile) in order to gain population support north of the mountains. With this growth came a corresponding increase in military forces. The kingdom was now strong enough to sack the Moorish cities of Lisbon, Zamora and Coimbra. However, for centuries to come the focus of these actions was not conquest but pillage and tribute. In the summers of 792, 793 and 794 several Muslim attacks plundered Alava, and the heart of the Asturian kingdom, reaching up to the capital, Oviedo. In one of the retreats, Alfonso inflicted a severe defeat on the Muslims in the swampy area of Lutos.^[6]

When Alfonso II died, Ramiro I (842–50) staged a coup against the Count of the Palace Nepotian, who had taken the throne. After a battle on a bridge over the river Narcea, Nepotian was captured in flight, blinded and then forced into monastic life. Early in his reign, in 844, Ramiro was faced with a Viking attack at a place called Farum Brecantium, believed to be present-day Corunna. He gathered an army in Galicia and Asturias and defeated the Vikings, killing many of them and burning their ships.^[7]^[8] In 859, a second Viking fleet set out for Spain. The Vikings were slaughtered off the coast of Galicia by Count Pedro.^[9] The considerable territorial expansion of the Asturian kingdom under Alfonso III (866–910) was largely made possible by the collapse of Umayyad control over many parts of Al-Andalus at this time. Between in the year 773^[10] the western frontier of the kingdom in Galicia was expanded into the northern part of modern-day Portugal pushing the border roughly to the Douro valley, and between 868 and 881 it expanded further south reaching all the way to the Mondego. The year 878 saw a Muslim assault on the towns of Astorga and León. The expedition consisted of two detachments, one of which was decisively defeated at Polvoraria on the river Órbigo, with an alleged loss of 13,000 men. In 881, Alfonso took the offensive, leading an army deep into the Lower March, crossing the Tagus River to approach Mérida. Then miles from the city the Asturian army crossed the Guadiana River and defeated the Umayyad army on "Monte Oxifer", allegedly leaving 15,000 Muslim soldiers killed. Returning home, Alfonso devoted himself to building the churches of Oviedo and constructing one or two more palaces for himself.

The Kingdom of Asturias transitioned into the Kingdom of León in 925, when Fruela II of Asturias became king with his royal court in León.^[11]

^ Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 49. ISBN 0-631-19405-3.
^ Ackermann, Peter (2007). Pilgrimages and Spiritual Quests in Japan. Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 9781134350469.
^ (Latin: Asturum Regnum; Asturian: Reinu d'Asturies)
^ Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797. Oxford, UK / Cambridge, US: Blackwell. p. 49. ISBN 0-631-19405-3.
^ Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices. Routledge. 2017.
^ Roger Collins, Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031, 65.
^ Cite error: The named reference Haywood was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Flood, Timothy M. (2018). Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711–1492. McFarland. p. 30.
^ J. Gil, Crónicas Asturianas, 1985, p. 176
^ Menéndez Pidal, Ramón (1906). Primera crónica general. Estoria de españa de alfonso x (2022 ed.). Biblioteca Digital de Castilla y León. p. 357. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ Collins, Roger (1983). Early Medieval Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 238. ISBN 0-312-22464-8.

[1] Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 49. ISBN 0-631-19405-3.

[2] Ackermann, Peter (2007). Pilgrimages and Spiritual Quests in Japan. Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 9781134350469.

[3] (Latin: Asturum Regnum; Asturian: Reinu d'Asturies)

[4] Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797. Oxford, UK / Cambridge, US: Blackwell. p. 49. ISBN 0-631-19405-3.

[5] Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices. Routledge. 2017.

[6] Roger Collins, Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031, 65.

[Haywood-7] Cite error: The named reference Haywood was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[8] Flood, Timothy M. (2018). Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711–1492. McFarland. p. 30.

[9] J. Gil, Crónicas Asturianas, 1985, p. 176

[10] Menéndez Pidal, Ramón (1906). Primera crónica general. Estoria de españa de alfonso x (2022 ed.). Biblioteca Digital de Castilla y León. p. 357. Retrieved 10 June 2023.

[11] Collins, Roger (1983). Early Medieval Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 238. ISBN 0-312-22464-8.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]