Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I
Ferdinand I
	Portrait by Hans Bocksberger der Ältere
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign	27 August 1556 – 25 July 1564
Proclamation	14 March 1558, Frankfurt
Predecessor	Charles V
Successor	Maximilian II
King of the Romans; King in Germany
Reign	5 January 1531 – 25 July 1564
Predecessor	Charles V
Successor	Maximilian II
King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia
Reign	1526 – 25 July 1564
Coronation	3 November 1527 (Hungary); 24 February 1526 (Bohemia)
Predecessor	Louis II
Successor	Maximilian II
Archduke of Austria
Reign	21 April 1521 – 25 July 1564
Predecessor	Charles I
Successor	Maximilian II (Austria proper); Charles II (Inner Austria); Ferdinand II (Further Austria)
Born	10 March 1503; Alcalá de Henares, Crown of Castile
Died	25 July 1564 (aged 61); Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Burial	Prague, St. Vitus Cathedral, Czech Republic
Spouse	Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (m. 1521; died 1547)
Issue; see detail...	Elisabeth, Queen of Poland; Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor; Anna, Duchess of Bavaria; Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria; Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg; Archduchess Magdalena; Catherine, Queen of Poland; Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua; Archduchess Margaret; Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara; Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria; Archduchess Helena; Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany;
House	Habsburg
Father	Philip I of Castile
Mother	Joanna of Castile
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.^[1]^[2] Before his accession as emperor, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the House of Habsburg in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Also, he often served as Charles' representative in the Holy Roman Empire and developed encouraging relationships with German princes. In addition, Ferdinand also developed valuable relationships with the German banking house of Jakob Fugger and the Catalan bank, Banca Palenzuela Levi Kahana.

The key events during his reign were the conflict with the Ottoman Empire, which in the 1520s began a great advance into Central Europe, and the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in several wars of religion. Although not a military leader, Ferdinand was a capable organizer with institutional imagination who focused on building a centralized government for Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia instead of striving for universal monarchy.^[3]^[4] He reintroduced major innovations of his grandfather Maximilian I such as the Hofrat (court council) with a chancellery and a treasury attached to it (this time, the structure would last until the reform of Maria Theresa) and added innovations of his own such as the Raitkammer (collections office) and the Hofkriegsrat, conceived to counter the threat from the Ottoman Empire, while also successfully subduing the most radical of his rebellious Austrian subjects and turning the political class in Bohemia and Hungary into Habsburg partners.^[5]^[6] While he was able to introduce uniform models of administration, the governments of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary remained distinct though.^[7]^[8] His approach to Imperial problems, including governance, human relations and religious matters was generally flexible, moderate and tolerant.^[9]^[10]^[11] Ferdinand's motto was Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus: "Let justice be done, though the world perish".^[12]

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

^ "Ferdinand I | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
^ Milan Kruhek: Cetin, grad izbornog sabora Kraljevine Hrvatske 1527, Karlovačka Županija, 1997, Karslovac
^ Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (15 April 2019). A History of the Czech Lands. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-80-246-2227-9. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ Fichtner, Paula Sutter (2017). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848: Attributes of Empire. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-137-10642-1. Retrieved 13 December 2021.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Berenger, Jean; Simpson, C. A. (2014). A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700. Routledge. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-317-89569-5. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ Fichtner 2017, pp. 18, 19.
^ Evans, R. J. W. (2006). Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe c. 1683–1867. OUP Oxford. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-19-928144-2. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ Fichtner 2017, p. 19.
^ Thomas, Alfred (2007). A Blessed Shore: England and Bohemia from Chaucer to Shakespeare. Cornell University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8014-4568-2. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ Fichtner, Paula S. (1982). Ferdinand I of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of the Reformation. East European Monographs. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-914710-95-0. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ Ingrao, Charles W. (1994). State and Society in Early Modern Austria. Purdue University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-55753-047-9. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ Stone, Jon R. (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations: The Illiterati's Guide to Latin Maxims, Mottoes, Proverbs and Sayings (in Latin). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0415969093.

[Britannica2009-3] "Ferdinand I | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2020.

[Cetin-4] Milan Kruhek: Cetin, grad izbornog sabora Kraljevine Hrvatske 1527, Karlovačka Županija, 1997, Karslovac

[5] Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (15 April 2019). A History of the Czech Lands. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-80-246-2227-9. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

[6] Fichtner, Paula Sutter (2017). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848: Attributes of Empire. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-137-10642-1. Retrieved 13 December 2021.^{[permanent dead link]}

[7] Berenger, Jean; Simpson, C. A. (2014). A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700. Routledge. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-317-89569-5. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

[FOOTNOTEFichtner201718,_19-8] Fichtner 2017, pp. 18, 19.

[9] Evans, R. J. W. (2006). Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe c. 1683–1867. OUP Oxford. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-19-928144-2. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

[FOOTNOTEFichtner201719-10] Fichtner 2017, p. 19.

[11] Thomas, Alfred (2007). A Blessed Shore: England and Bohemia from Chaucer to Shakespeare. Cornell University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8014-4568-2. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

[12] Fichtner, Paula S. (1982). Ferdinand I of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of the Reformation. East European Monographs. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-914710-95-0. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

[13] Ingrao, Charles W. (1994). State and Society in Early Modern Austria. Purdue University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-55753-047-9. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

[14] Stone, Jon R. (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations: The Illiterati's Guide to Latin Maxims, Mottoes, Proverbs and Sayings (in Latin). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0415969093.

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