French denier

The denier (/dəˈnɪər/; Latin: denarius, Italian: denaro, Greek: δηνάριο, romanized: dinario; abbr. d.) or penny was a medieval coin which takes its name from the Frankish coin first issued in the late seventh century;^[1] in English it is sometimes referred to as a silver penny. Its appearance represents the end of gold coinage, which, at the start of Frankish rule, had either been Roman (Byzantine) or "pseudo-imperial" (minted by the Franks in imitation of Byzantine coinage). Silver would be the basis for Frankish coinage from then on. The denier was minted in France, Cyprus and parts of the Italian peninsula for the whole of the Middle Ages, in states such as the patriarchate of Aquileia, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Siena, Kingdom of Cyprus, and the crusader state Kingdom of Jerusalem, among others.^[2]^[3]

^ Peter Spufford (21 September 1989). Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-37590-0.
^ "Denier | History and Culture of Cypriot Medieval Coins". coins.cyi.ac.cy.
^ METCALF, D. M.; JACOBOWITZ, M. (1996). "A New Type of Anonymous Denier of Cyprus of the Early Thirteenth Century". The Numismatic Chronicle. 156: 243–247. JSTOR 42667959 – via JSTOR.

[Spufford1989-1] Peter Spufford (21 September 1989). Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-37590-0.

[2] "Denier | History and Culture of Cypriot Medieval Coins". coins.cyi.ac.cy.

[3] METCALF, D. M.; JACOBOWITZ, M. (1996). "A New Type of Anonymous Denier of Cyprus of the Early Thirteenth Century". The Numismatic Chronicle. 156: 243–247. JSTOR 42667959 – via JSTOR.

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