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Transylvania

For other uses, see Transylvania (disambiguation).
"Siebenbürgen" redirects here. For the band, see Siebenbürgen (band).
Transylvania
Transilvania / Ardeal (Romanian)
Erdély (Hungarian)
Siebenbürgen (German)
Siweberjen (German)[a]
  Transylvania
  Banat, Crișana and Maramureș
  Bukovina, Dobruja, Moldavia, Muntenia, and Oltenia
Largest cityCluj-Napoca
Official languagesRomanian[1]
Recognised minority
languages[2]
See here
Ethnic groups
(2021)[3]
Religion
(2021)[4]
  • 0.27% undeclared /
    no religion
  • 0.0% no data
  • 8.31% others
Demonym(s)Transylvanian
Establishment history
Area
• Total
100,390 km2 (38,760 sq mi)[5] (106th)
• Water (%)
3
Population
• January 2023 estimate
6,478,126[6] (107th)
• 2021 census
Neutral decrease 6,461,780[b][7]
• Density
64.5/km2 (167.1/sq mi) (122nd)
GDP (PPP)estimate
• Per capita
Increase $41,633[8]
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $194.00 billion[8] (57th)
• Per capita
Increase $28,574[8] (39th)
HDI (2022)Increase 0.829[9]
very high (33rd)
CurrencyRomanian leu (RON)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (EEST)
Date formatdd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Driving sideright
Calling code+40
ISO 3166 codeRO
Internet TLD.roa
  1. Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.

Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal; Hungarian: Erdély; German: Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, historically Überwald, also Siweberjen in the Transylvanian Saxon dialect) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains and to the west the Apuseni Mountains. Broader definitions of Transylvania also include the western and northwestern Romanian regions of Crișana and Maramureș, and occasionally Banat. Historical Transylvania also includes small parts of neighbouring Western Moldavia and even a small part of south-western neighbouring Bukovina to its north east (represented by Suceava County). The capital of the region is Cluj-Napoca.

Transylvania is known for the scenery of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history, coupled with its multi-cultural character. It also contains Romania's second-largest city, Cluj-Napoca, and other very well preserved medieval iconic cities and towns such as Brașov, Sibiu, Târgu Mureș, Bistrita, Alba Iulia, Mediaș, and Sighișoara. It is also the home of some of Romania's UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as the Villages with fortified churches, the Historic Centre of Sighișoara, the Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains and the Roșia Montană Mining Cultural Landscape.

It was under the rule of the Agathyrsi, part of the Dacian Kingdom (168 BC–106 AD), Roman Dacia (106–271), the Goths, the Hunnic Empire (4th–5th centuries), the Kingdom of the Gepids (5th–6th centuries), the Avar Khaganate (6th–9th centuries), the Slavs, and the 9th century First Bulgarian Empire. During the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and conquered by the Hungarian tribes, and Gyula's family from the seven chieftains of the Hungarians ruled it in the 10th century. King Stephen I of Hungary asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle Gyula III and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1002.

After the Battle of Mohács in 1526 it belonged to the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, from which the Principality of Transylvania emerged in 1570 by the Treaty of Speyer. During most of the 16th and 17th centuries, the principality was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire; however, the principality had dual suzerainty (Ottoman and Habsburg).[14][15]

In 1690, the Habsburg monarchy gained possession of Transylvania through the Hungarian crown.[16][17][18] After the failure of Rákóczi's War of Independence in 1711,[19] Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated, and Hungarian Transylvanian princes were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors.[20][21] During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the April Laws of 1848.[22] After the failure of the revolution, the March Constitution of Austria decreed that the Principality of Transylvania be a separate crown land entirely independent of Hungary.[23] The separate status of Transylvania ended with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867,[24] and it was reincorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania) as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[25] It was also during this period that Romanians experienced the awakening of self-consciousness as a nation, manifested in cultural and ideological movements such as Transylvanian School,[26] and drafted political petitions such as Supplex Libellus Valachorum.[27] After World War I, the National Assembly of Romanians from Transylvania proclaimed the Union of Transylvania with Romania on 1 December 1918, and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Romania by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. In 1940, Northern Transylvania reverted to Hungary as a result of the Second Vienna Award, but it was returned to Romania after the end of World War II.

In popular culture, Transylvania is commonly associated with vampires because of the influence of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula and the many subsequent books and films that the story has inspired.[28][29] Many Transylvanian Saxons were furious with Vlad the Impaler for strengthening the borders of Wallachia, which interfered with their control of trade routes, and his extreme sadism and barbarity, which by a collection of credible historical accounts of diverse origins, most of which were non-Saxon, led to the industrial-scale execution of over 100,000 people[citation needed] by impaling, some of whom were Saxons. The victims were often arranged in grotesque displays intended to terrorize various groups, including the Saxons. In retaliation, the Saxons distributed poems of cruelty and other propaganda characterising the sadistic Vlad III Dracula as a drinker of blood.[30]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ "Constitution of Romania". Cdep.ro. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  2. ^ "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  3. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după etnie (Recensământ 2021)". www.insse.ro (in Romanian). INSSE. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  4. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după religie (Recensământ 2021)". www.insse.ro (in Romanian). INSSE. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  5. ^ "Romanian Statistical Yearbook (2022) – 1.8 Administrative organisation of Romanian territory, on December 31, 2021 (pg.17)" (PDF). INS (www.insse.ro/cms/en). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  6. ^ "POP105A - Populația rezidentă la 1 Ianuarie pe grupe de vârste, sexe și medii de rezidență, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare și județe". www.insse.ro/cms/en (in Romanian). INSSE (TEMPO - statiscal data). 5 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  7. ^ "Populația la Recensămintele 1948-2021". www.insse.ro (in Romanian). INSSE. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  8. ^ a b c "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 Edition. (Romania)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  9. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  10. ^ Elgie, Robert (28 November 2017). Political Leadership: A Pragmatic Institutionalist Approach. Springer. ISBN 9781137346223 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ Romania Directory. Editura Cronos. 1 April 1990. ISBN 9789739000000 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ "DECRET-LEGE 2 27/12/1989 - Portal Legislativ". legislatie.just.ro.
  13. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  14. ^ Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 62
  15. ^ Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804, University of Washington Press, 1993, pp. 150–154
  16. ^ Béla Köpeczi (2008-07-09). History of Transylvania: From 1606 to 1830. Social Science Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-491-4. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
  17. ^ Peter F. Sugar. "Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804" (History of East Central Europe), University of Washington Press, July 1983, page 163
  18. ^ Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, page 146;
  19. ^ " In 1711, after the Peace Treaty of Szatmar, Austrian control was firmly established over all of Hungary and Erdely, and the princes of Transylvania were replaced by Austrian governors. " (Google Search)Glockner, Peter G.; Bagossy, Nora Varga (2007). Encyclopaedia Hungarica: English. Hungarian Ethnic Lexicon Foundation. ISBN 978-1-55383-178-5.
  20. ^ "Transylvania" (2009). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2009
  21. ^ "Diploma Leopoldinum" (2009). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2009
  22. ^ Laszlo Péter, Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective, BRILL, 2012, p. 56
  23. ^ Austrian Constitution of 4 March 1849. (Section I, Art. I and Section IX., Art. LXXIV)
  24. ^ John F. Cadzow, Andrew Ludanyi, Louis J. Elteto, Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict, Kent State University Press, 1983, page 79
  25. ^ James Minahan: One Europe, many nations: an historical dictionary of European national groups, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 06991
  26. ^ Pavel, Eugen (2018). "The Transylvanian School - Premises Underlying the Critical Editions of Texts". Academia.edu. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  27. ^ Török, Borbála Zsuzsanna (27 October 2015). ""1 Landeskunde, honismeret—Patriotic Scholarship and Vernacular Languages". In Exploring Transylvania". brill.com. doi:10.1163/9789004303058_003. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  28. ^ "Travel Advisory; Lure of Dracula In Transylvania". The New York Times. 1993-08-22.
  29. ^ "Romania Transylvania". Icromania.com. 2007-04-15. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  30. ^ Gerhild Scholz Williams; William Layher (eds.). Consuming News: Newspapers and Print Culture in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800). pp. 14–34. Retrieved 23 July 2019.

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