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Public health

This article is about public health. For public health care, see publicly funded health care.

Delivery of malaria treatment by community health worker in Djénébougou, Mali. October 2013.
COVID-19 vaccination center, fair grounds Cologne, 1st vaccination
Installing E. 80th Street pipeline, Seattle, Washington, USA, 1931
The Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Shri Keshav Desiraju addressing at the launch of the media campaign of National Tobacco Control Programme, in New Delhi on February 02, 2012. The WHO Representative, Dr. Nata Menabde and other dignitaries are also seen.
Various aspects of public health: From top to bottom : Community health worker in Mali, vaccination example (COVID-19 vaccination in Germany), anti-smoking campaign in India, historical sewer installation photo from the United States.
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Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals".[1][2] Analyzing the determinants of health of a population and the threats it faces is the basis for public health.[3] The public can be as small as a handful of people or as large as a village or an entire city; in the case of a pandemic it may encompass several continents. The concept of health takes into account physical, psychological, and social well-being.[1][4]

Public health is an interdisciplinary field. For example, epidemiology, biostatistics, social sciences and management of health services are all relevant. Other important sub-fields include environmental health, community health, behavioral health, health economics, public policy, mental health, health education, health politics, occupational safety, disability, oral health, gender issues in health, and sexual and reproductive health.[5] Public health, together with primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, is part of a country's overall healthcare system. Public health is implemented through the surveillance of cases and health indicators, and through the promotion of healthy behaviors. Common public health initiatives include promotion of hand-washing and breastfeeding, delivery of vaccinations, promoting ventilation and improved air quality both indoors and outdoors, suicide prevention, smoking cessation, obesity education, increasing healthcare accessibility and distribution of condoms to control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.

There is a significant disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between developed countries and developing countries, as well as within developing countries. In developing countries, public health infrastructures are still forming. There may not be enough trained healthcare workers, monetary resources, or, in some cases, sufficient knowledge to provide even a basic level of medical care and disease prevention.[6][7] A major public health concern in developing countries is poor maternal and child health, exacerbated by malnutrition and poverty coupled with governments' reluctance in implementing public health policies.

From the beginnings of human civilization, communities promoted health and fought disease at the population level.[8][9] In complex, pre-industrialized societies, interventions designed to reduce health risks could be the initiative of different stakeholders, such as army generals, the clergy or rulers. Great Britain became a leader in the development of public health initiatives, beginning in the 19th century, due to the fact that it was the first modern urban nation worldwide.[10] The public health initiatives that began to emerge initially focused on sanitation (for example, the Liverpool and London sewerage systems), control of infectious diseases (including vaccination and quarantine) and an evolving infrastructure of various sciences, e.g. statistics, microbiology, epidemiology, sciences of engineering.[10]

  1. ^ a b Gatseva, Penka D.; Argirova, Mariana (1 June 2011). "Public health: the science of promoting health". Journal of Public Health. 19 (3): 205–206. doi:10.1007/s10389-011-0412-8. ISSN 1613-2238. S2CID 1126351.
  2. ^ Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory (1920). "The Untilled Field of Public Health". Modern Medicine. 2 (1306): 183–191. Bibcode:1920Sci....51...23W. doi:10.1126/science.51.1306.23. PMID 17838891.
  3. ^ "What is Public Health". Centers for Disease Control Foundation. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  4. ^ What is the WHO definition of health? from the Preamble to the Constitution of WHO as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19 June – 22 July 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of WHO, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. The definition has not been amended since 1948.
  5. ^ PERDIGUERO, E. (1 July 2001). "Anthropology in public health. Bridging differences in culture and society". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 55 (7): 528b–528. doi:10.1136/jech.55.7.528b. ISSN 0143-005X. PMC 1731924.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Jamison 15–22 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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