Eng Foong Ho v Attorney-General

Eng Foong Ho v Attorney-General
The Supreme Court of Singapore, photographed in February 2007
Court	High Court and Court of Appeal
Full case name	Eng Foong Ho and others v Attorney-General
Decided	9 May 2008 (H.C.) 5 January 2009 (C.A.)
Citation(s)	[2008] SGHC 69, [2008] 3 S.L.R.(R.) 437, H.C. [2009] SGCA 1, [2009] 2 S.L.R.(R.) 542, C.A.
Court membership
Judge(s) sitting	Tan Lee Meng J. (H.C.) Chan Sek Keong C.J., Andrew Phang Boon Leong and V.K. Rajah JJ. (C.A.)
Case opinions
By compulsorily acquiring the property of a Chinese temple but not acquiring nearby lands owned by an Indian mission and a Christian church, the Collector of Land Revenue did not violate Article 12(1) of the Constitution, which guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the law.

Eng Foong Ho v Attorney-General was a 2009 judgment of the Court of Appeal of Singapore, on appeal from a 2008 decision of the High Court. The main issue raised by the case was whether the Collector of Land Revenue had treated the plaintiffs (later appellants), who were devotees of the Jin Long Si Temple, unequally by compulsorily acquiring for public purposes the land on which the temple stood but not the lands of a Hindu mission and a Christian church nearby. It was alleged that the authorities had acted in violation of Article 12(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, which guarantees the rights to equality before the law and equal protection of the law.

The High Court held that the plaintiffs lacked locus standi to bring the action as they were not the temple's legal owners. In any case, as there was evidence that the authorities had rational reasons for treating the temple property differently from the property of the Mission and the Church, the High Court found that there had been no breach of Article 12(1). Furthermore, the Court determined that the plaintiffs were guilty of inordinate delay in bringing the action.

On appeal, this decision was upheld in part by the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal found that the plaintiffs (appellants) had locus standi to bring the action as they were members of a Buddhist association, for whose benefit the temple property was held by its trustees. In addition, the Court found that the plaintiffs had not been guilty of inordinate delay in commencing the suit. However, the Court agreed with the trial judge that the Collector had not acted in violation of Article 12(1). In determining this issue, the Court held that the test to be applied is "whether there is a reasonable nexus between the state action taken and the object of the law". Such a nexus will be absent if the action amounts to "intentional and arbitrary discrimination" or intentional systematic discrimination. It is insufficient if any inequality is due to "inadvertence or inefficiency", unless this occurs on a very substantial scale. In addition, inequalities arising from a reasonable administrative policy or which are mere errors of judgment are insufficient to constitute a violation of Article 12(1).