Barahmasa

Ang Barahmasa (lit. "ang labindalawang buwan") ay isang genre ng panulaan na tanyag sa subkontinenteng Indiyano^[1][2][3] pangunahing nagmula sa tradisyong katutubong Indiyano.^[4] Ito ay kadalasang may temang tungkol sa isang babaeng nananabik sa kanyiang nawawalang kasintahan o asawa, na naglalarawan sa kaniyang sariling emosyonal na kalagayan sa likod ng mga lumilipas na pana-panahon at ritwal na mga pangyayari.^[5][6] Ang pag-usa ng mga buwan (ayon sa mga kalendaryong buwan ng Hindu) ay isang pangunahing bahagi ng ang genre, ngunit ang bilang ng buwan ay hindi nangangahulugang bara (Hindi: बारह) o "labindalawa" at katulad na mga anyong patula na kilala bilang chaumasas, chaymasas, at ashtamasas (mga siklo ng apat, anim, at walong buwan, ayon sa pagkakabanggit) ay umiiral din sa parehong linya ng mga katutubong tradisyon.^[7]

Bagaman orihinal na tradisyong pasalita, ang genre ay isinama sa mas mahabang tula, epiko, at salaysay ng ilang makatang Indiano^[8] pangunahing modernong wikang Indo-Aryan kabilang ang—Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Rajasthani, Bihari, Punjabi, atbp., at matatagpuan din sa katutubong tula ng mga tribo.^[9]

1. ↑ Raheja, Gloria Goodwin (2017). ""Hear the Tale of the Famine Year": Famine Policy, Oral Traditions, and the Recalcitrant Voice of the Colonized in Nineteenth-Century India". Oral Tradition (sa wikang Ingles). 31 (1). doi:10.1353/ort.2017.0005. hdl:10355/65381. ISSN 1542-4308. S2CID 164563056 – sa pamamagitan ni/ng Project MUSE. This song was written in the traditional form of a barahmasa (a "song of the twelve months"). In central and northern India, this is almost entirely...
2. ↑ Raeside, I. M. P. (1988). "Bārahmāsā in Indian literatures. Songs of the twelve months in Indo-Aryan literatures. By Charlotte Vaudeville with a foreword by T. N. Madan. pp. xvi, 139. DelhiMotilal Banarsidass, 1986. (Revised and enlarged English edition, first pub. in French, 1965.) Rs. 70". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (sa wikang Ingles). 120 (1): 218. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00164652. ISSN 2051-2066.
3. ↑ Dwyer, Rachel; Dharampal-Frick, Gita; Kirloskar-Steinbach, Monika; Phalkey, Jahnavi (2016). "Monsoon". Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies (sa wikang Ingles). NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-2683-4 – sa pamamagitan ni/ng Project MUSE. Conversely, the sixteenth century tradition of Hindi poetry known as Barahmasa (lit. 'songs of the twelve months'), which also appears in...
4. ↑ Wadley, Susan Snow (2005). Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions (sa wikang Ingles). Orient Blackswan. p. 57. ISBN 978-81-8028-016-0. Evidence indicates that the Barahmasa originated in folk poetry...
5. ↑ Orsini, Francesca (2010). "Barahmasas in Hindi and Urdu". Sa Orsini, Francesca (pat.). Before the divide: Hindi and Urdu literary culture. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan. p. 143. ISBN 978-81-250-3829-0. OCLC 490757928.
6. ↑ Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret Ann (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (sa wikang Ingles). Taylor & Francis. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5. The primary focus is on the human year, as formed and mediated by the climatic year and its associated...through the psychological shoals of the annual cycle.
7. ↑ Alam, Muzaffar (2003). "The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan". Sa Pollock, Sheldon (pat.). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia (sa wikang Ingles). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92673-8. The succession of months is a fundamental component, but the number of months is not necessarily twelve. The songs known as chaumasas, chaymasas, and astamasas (cycles of four, six, and eight months, respectively) belong to same category. These are in some cases mere catalogs of seasonal festivals and read like a kind of calendar.
8. ↑ Orsini, Francesca (2010). "Barahmasas in Hindi and Urdu". Before the divide : Hindi and Urdu literary culture. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan. p. 147. ISBN 978-81-250-3829-0. OCLC 490757928.
9. ↑ Wadley, Susan Snow (2005). Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions (sa wikang Ingles). Orient Blackswan. p. 54. ISBN 978-81-8028-016-0.