Gewetensbeswaarde

'n Gewetensbeswaarde of diensweieraar is 'n "individu wat die reg opeis om te weier om militêre diens te doen"^[1] op grond van sy of haar vryheid van denke, gewete of godsdiens.^[2]

In party lande word gewetensbeswaardes toegedeel vir alternatiewe burgerlike diens as 'n plaasvervanger vir diensplig of militêre diens. Party gewetensbeswaardes beskou hulself as pasifiste, nie-intervensioniste, nie-weerstandbieders, nie-aggressiewes of antimilitariste.

Op 8 Maart 1995 het die Verenigde Nasies se Menseregtekommissie in resolusie 1995/83 verklaar: "Mense wat militêre diens doen mag nie uitgesluit wees van die reg om gewetensbeswaar teen militêre diens aan te teken nie.^[3] Dit is in 1998 herbevestig toe resolusie 1998/77 verklaar het dat " 'n persoon gewetensbesware kan ontwikkel terwyl hy of sy militêre diensplig verrig".^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] 'n Aantal organisasies oor die wêreld heen vier dié beginsel op 15 Mei as Internasionale Gewetensbeswaardesdag.^[8]

↑ On July 30, 2001, explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations Human Rights Committee general comment 22, Para. 11: "Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection" (in Engels). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 Januarie 2020. Besoek op 7 Mei 2012.
↑ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights". Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Mei 2020. Besoek op 15 Mei 2008.
↑ UN Commission on Human Rights (8 Maart 1995). "UN Commission on Human Rights, Conscientious objection to military service., 8 March 1995, E/CN.4/RES/1995/83 (See point #2)" (in Engels). UN Commission on Human Rights. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 3 Mei 2019. Besoek op 2 Desember 2009.
↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (22 April 1998). "Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see preamble "Aware..."" (in Engels). United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 November 2018. Besoek op 8 Desember 2009.
↑ "Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See introductory paragraph". UN Commission on Human Rights. 22 April 1998. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 April 2011. Besoek op 9 Desember 2009.
↑ "Conscientious objection to military service, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77, Navigation to document: press "next" four times, see bottom listing, and at the right choose letter for language ("E" for English) Document: CHR 54th 4/22/1998E/CN.4/RES/1998/77". United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1998. Besoek op 24 April 2008.
↑ D. CHRISTOPHER DECKER; AND LUCIA FRESA (29 Maart 2001). "THE STATUS OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000); See pages 412–424, (or PDF pages 34–36)" (PDF). New York University School of Law, Issues – Volume 33. Besoek op 2 Desember 2009.
↑ "Campaigns: International Day on Conscientious Objection" (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 April 2017. Besoek op 10 Mei 2014.

[1] On July 30, 2001, explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations Human Rights Committee general comment 22, Para. 11: "Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection" (in Engels). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 Januarie 2020. Besoek op 7 Mei 2012.

[2] "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights". Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Mei 2020. Besoek op 15 Mei 2008.

[3] UN Commission on Human Rights (8 Maart 1995). "UN Commission on Human Rights, Conscientious objection to military service., 8 March 1995, E/CN.4/RES/1995/83 (See point #2)" (in Engels). UN Commission on Human Rights. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 3 Mei 2019. Besoek op 2 Desember 2009.

[unhchr-4] United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (22 April 1998). "Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see preamble "Aware..."" (in Engels). United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 November 2018. Besoek op 8 Desember 2009.

[5] "Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See introductory paragraph". UN Commission on Human Rights. 22 April 1998. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 April 2011. Besoek op 9 Desember 2009.

[6] "Conscientious objection to military service, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77, Navigation to document: press "next" four times, see bottom listing, and at the right choose letter for language ("E" for English) Document: CHR 54th 4/22/1998E/CN.4/RES/1998/77". United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1998. Besoek op 24 April 2008.

[D._CHRISTOPHER_DECKER,_AND_LUCIA_FRESA-7] D. CHRISTOPHER DECKER; AND LUCIA FRESA (29 Maart 2001). "THE STATUS OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000); See pages 412–424, (or PDF pages 34–36)" (PDF). New York University School of Law, Issues – Volume 33. Besoek op 2 Desember 2009.

[8] "Campaigns: International Day on Conscientious Objection" (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 April 2017. Besoek op 10 Mei 2014.

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