Veganisme

Veganisme is die uitsluiting van die gebruik van diereprodukte, veral in die dieet, en 'n gepaardgaande filosofie wat die kommoditeitstatus van diere verwerp.^[1] 'n Volgeling van óf die dieet of die filosofie is bekend as 'n veganis (uitgespreek VEE-gən).

Onderskeid word soms getref tussen die verskillende kategorieë van veganisme. Dieetveganiste (soms word na hul verwys as streng vegetariërs of volgelinge van 'n plant-gebaseerde dieet) vermy die verbruik van diereprodukte, nie net vleis nie maar ook eiers, suiwelprodukte, en ander dierlike stowwe. Dieetveganiste is dikwels meer gefokus op die gesondheidsaspekte van onverwerkte voedsel en verbruik, as sodanig, heuning of dra klere wat diereprodukte insluit (byvoorbeeld leer of wol).^[2] Die term etiese veganis is dikwels van toepassing op diegene wat nie net 'n vegetariese dieet volg nie, maar die filosofie na ander gebiede van hul lewens uitbrei en hul verset teen die gebruik van diereprodukte vir enige doel.^{[n 1]} 'n Ander term is omgewingsveganis wat verwys na die vermyding van dierlike produkte op die veronderstelling dat die oes van diere of industriële boerdery van diere die omgewing beskadig en onvolhoubaar is.^[8]

Die term vegan is in 1944 geskep deur Donald Watson as mede-stigter van die "Vegan Society" in Engeland. Die aanvanklike betekenis was "nie-suiwel vegetariër" en later "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals".^[9] Belangstelling het toegeneem in veganisme tydens die 2010's; vegan winkels is geopen, en veganistiese opsies is beskikbaar  in meer supermarkte en restaurante in baie lande.^[10]

'n Veganistiese dieet is geneig om hoër te wees in voedselvesel, magnesium, foliensuur, vitamien C, vitamien E, yster  en fito-chemikalieë. Dit is laer in energie, versadigde vet, cholesterol, langketting omega-3 vetsure, vitamien D, kalsium, zinc en vitamien B₁₂.^{[n 2]} 'n Goed-beplande veganistiese dieet kan die risiko verlaag ten opsigte van sommige chroniese siektetoestande, insluitend hartsiektes,^[12] en dit word as geskik aanvaar vir alle fases van die lewensiklus deur die American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, die Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, en ook Dietitians of Canada.^[13] Aangesien onbesmette plantvoedsel nie vitamien B₁₂ voorsien nie (dit word geproduseer deur mikro-organismes soos bakterieë), is navorsers dit eens dat veganiste kos moet eet wat met vitamien B₁₂ verryk is of dat hul 'n aanvulling moet gebruik.^[14]

1. ↑ For veganism and animals as commodities:
2. ↑ "The Great Vegan vs. Plant-Based Debate – UC Davis Integrative Medicine". UC Davis Integrative Medicine (in Engels (VSA)). Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 Februarie 2017. Besoek op 14 April 2016.
3. ↑ Laura Wright, The Vegan Studies Project: Food, Animals, and Gender in the Age of Terror, University of Georgia Press, 2015, p. 2.
4. ↑ Brenda Davis, Vesanto Melina, Becoming Vegan: Express Edition, Book Publishing Company, 2013, p. 3.
5. ↑ Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner, "Politics on Your Plate: Building and Burning Bridges across Organics, Vegetarian, and Vegan Discourse," in Joshua Frye (ed.), The Rhetoric of Food: Discourse, Materiality, and Power, Routledge, 2012, p. 46.
6. ↑ Gary Francione, Robert Garner, The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition Or Regulation?, Columbia University Press, 2010, p. 62.
7. ↑ Philip J. Tuso, et al., "Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets", The Permanente Journal, 17(2), Spring 2013, pp. 61–66. doi:10.7812/TPP/12-085 PMID 23704846

   Debra K. Moser, Barbara Riegel, Cardiac Nursing, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008, p. 158.

8. ↑ Michael Shapiro, "Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson: 'You don't watch whales die and hold signs and do nothing'", The Guardian, 21 September 2010.
9. ↑ Donald Watson, Vegan News, No. 1, November 1944, p. 2; Leslie Cross, "Veganism Defined", The Vegetarian World Forum, 5(1), Spring 1951.
10. ↑ "Veganisme wordt mainstream" (in Nederlands). Vlaams infocentrum land- en tuinbouw. 9 Februarie 2016. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 1 Junie 2020. Besoek op 10 Maart 2016.
11. ↑ Winston J. Craig, "Health effects of vegan diets", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), May 2009 (pp. 1627S–1633S), p. 1627S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N PMID 19279075
12. ↑ Note: several sources use the word vegetarian to refer to a vegan or entirely plant-based diet:
13. ↑ "Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets", Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(7), July 2009, pp. 1266–1282: "It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.
14. ↑ Roman Pawlak, et al. (Nutrition Reviews, 2013): "The main finding of this review is that vegetarians develop B12 depletion or deficiency regardless of demographic characteristics, place of residency, age, or type of vegetarian diet. Vegetarians should thus take preventive measures to ensure adequate intake of this vitamin, including regular consumption of supplements containing B12

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