Back مذبحة هايتي عام 1804 Arabic Клане в Хаити Bulgarian Massacre d'Haití de 1804 Catalan Haitianisches Massaker von 1804 German Matanza de la población europea en Haití de 1804 Spanish Massacres de 1804 en Haïti French Masak yo nan 1804 an Ayiti HT Pembantaian Haiti 1804 ID Massacro di Haiti del 1804 Italian Masacras de 1804 en Aiti LFN

1804 Haitian massacre

1804 Haiti massacre
Part of the aftermath of the Haitian Revolution
Engraving depicting a killing during the massacre
LocationFirst Empire of Haiti
DateFebruary 1804 (1804-02) – 22 April 1804 (1804-04-22)
TargetEuropean people (predominantly French people), mulattoes
Attack type
Massacre, genocide[1]
Deaths3,000–5,000
InjuredUnknown
PerpetratorsArmy of Jean-Jacques Dessalines

The 1804 Haiti massacre, sometimes referred to as the Haitian genocide,[1][2][3] was carried out by Afro-Haitian soldiers, mostly former slaves, under orders from Jean-Jacques Dessalines against much of the remaining European population in Haiti, which mainly included French people.[4][5] The Haitian Revolution defeated the French army in November 1803 and the Haitian Declaration of Independence happened on 1 January 1804.[6] From February 1804[7] until 22 April 1804, squads of soldiers moved from house to house throughout Haiti, torturing and killing entire families.[8] Between 3,000 and 5,000 people were killed.[7]

The massacre excluded surviving Polish Legionnaires, who had defected from the French legion to become allied with the enslaved Africans, as well as the Germans who did not take part of the slave trade. They were instead granted full citizenship under the constitution and classified as Noir, the new ruling ethnicity.[9][page needed]

Nicholas Robins, Adam Jones, and Dirk Moses theorize that the executions were a "subaltern genocide", in which an oppressed group uses genocidal means to destroy its oppressors.[10][11] Philippe Girard has suggested the threat of reinvasion and reinstatement of slavery as some of the reasons for the massacre.[12]

Throughout the early-to-mid nineteenth century, the events of the massacre were well known in the United States. Additionally, many Saint Dominican refugees moved from Saint-Domingue to the U.S., settling in New Orleans, Charleston, New York, Baltimore, and other coastal cities. These events spurred fears of potential uprisings in the Southern U.S. and they also polarized public opinion on the question of the abolition of slavery.[13][14]

  1. ^ a b Girard (2005a), pp. 158–159.
  2. ^ Moses & Stone (2013), p. 63.
  3. ^ Forde (2020), p. 40.
  4. ^ Rogers (2010), p. 353.
  5. ^ Orizio (2001), pp. 149, 157–159.
  6. ^ Sutherland, Claudia (16 July 2007). "Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)". Blackpast.org. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  7. ^ a b Girard (2011), pp. 319–322.
  8. ^ Danner (2009), p. 107.
  9. ^ Girard (2011).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Robins & Jones was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Klävers (2019), p. 110.
  12. ^ Girard (2005a).
  13. ^ Julius, Kevin C. (2004). The abolitionist decade, 1829–1838 : a year-by-year history of early events in the antislavery movement. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-1946-6.[page needed]
  14. ^ Marcotte, Frank B. (2005). Six days in April : Lincoln and the Union in peril. New York: Algora Publishing. p. 171. ISBN 0-8758-6313-2.

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