Attempt by President Pedro Castillo to dissolve the Congress of Peru
2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt Date 7 December 2022 Location Caused by
Resulted in Presidential defeat
On 7 December 2022, President of Peru Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve Congress in the face of imminent impeachment proceedings by the legislative body, immediately enacting a curfew , attempted to establish an emergency government and rule by decree , and called for the formation of a constituent assembly , a violation of Article 206 of the Constitution of Peru .[1] [2] Attorney General Patricia Benavides , had previously claimed that Castillo was the head of a criminal organization and called on Congress to remove him from office, with legislators then attempting a third impeachment of Castillo.[3] [4] [5] Citing the actions of Congress obstructing many of his policies during his administration,[6] [7] [8] Castillo argued that the legislative body served oligopolic businesses and that it had allied itself with the Constitutional Court to destroy the executive branch in an effort to create a "dictatorship of Congress".[6] He also called for the immediate election of a constituent assembly [6] with some calls for the creation of a constituent assembly existing since the 2020 Peruvian protests .[9]
Numerous members of Castillo's government resigned from their positions shortly after he announced the dissolution of Congress, and the Peruvian Armed Forces also refused to support his actions.[10] [11] Castillo was impeached on the same day, and ceased to be president after the Constitutional Court rejected his dissolution of Congress.[12] [13] [14] Castillo's vice president Dina Boluarte was sworn in as the new president later in the day.[15] Following Castillo's removal, his supporters started nationwide protests demanding his release and Boluarte's resignation. Following widespread unrest through Peru, the Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency on 14 December, removing some constitutional protections from citizens, including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings , the freedom of movement , the freedom of assembly and "personal freedom and security" for 30 days.[16] [17] Castillo was placed in pre-trial detention for 18 months for charges of rebellion and conspiracy[18] [19] and was given an additional 36 months of detention related to allegations of corruption during his administration.[20] [21]
Following Castillo's actions, the Constitutional Court – whose members were reportedly elected by Congress in a dubious manner to support the legislative body[22] [23] – removed judicial oversight from Congress, essentially giving the legislative body absolute control of Peru's government.[24] [25] [26] Castillo asserted that two controversial votes of confidence occurred between his former Prime Minister Aníbal Torres and Congress, stating that such actions provided a legal basis to dissolve the legislative body.[27] This statement would prove controversial due to the a judgment by the Constitutional Court over the motion of confidence proposed on 17 November 2022 , with the court later ruling that not only were Castillo's actions null but that Congress alone could interpret whether or not a motion of confidence occurred, concentrating more power into the hands of Congress according to constitutional experts.[28]
The event was described by Peruvian politicians, the Constitutional Court, Peruvian media and some international news organizations [29] as an attempted coup d'état , with some comparing it to the autogolpe of Alberto Fujimori during the 1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état [30] [31] [10] Representatives of many foreign countries, including Spain ,[32] United States ,[33] Brazil ,[34] Uruguay [35] and the secretary-general of the Organization of American States [33] rejected Castillo's actions and described them as an attempt to break the constitutional order. According to an Institute of Peruvian Studies [es ] poll, 53% of respondents disagreed with his attempt to dissolve Congress, while 44% of participants agreed.[36] Supporters of Castillo said that a soft coup was perpetrated by Congress against him.[37] [38] Some governments of Latin America, including Argentina , Bolivia , Colombia , Honduras and Mexico , responded to the crisis by refusing to recognize the Boluarte government and viewing Castillo as president.[39] [40] Castillo has also continued to consider himself as the legal president of Peru.[41]
^ "Presidente Pedro Castillo disuelve temporalmente el Congreso de Perú" . CNN (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022 .
^ Chillitupa Tantas, Rodrigo (7 December 2022). "Presidente de Perú disuelve Congreso, declara "gobierno de excepción" y llama a elecciones" . Voz de América (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ Taj, Mitra; Glatsky, Genevieve (5 December 2022). "He Vowed to Transform Peru. Instead He's Facing His Third Impeachment" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 7 December 2022 .
^ Cotos, Henry (12 October 2022). "Fiscalía de Perú denuncia al presidente Pedro Castillo: Constitucionalistas consideran deficiente la acusación" . La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 May 2023 .
^ "Denuncia presentada por Patricia Benavides fuerza el alcance del artículo 117 de la Constitución, según especialistas" . RPP (in Spanish). 14 October 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2023 .
^ a b c Garzón, Aníbal (1 January 2023). "Peru's permanent coup" . Le Monde diplomatique . Retrieved 19 January 2023 .
^ Sojo, Giordana García (26 July 2022). "Un año de intentos destituyentes en Perú" . Centro Estratégico Latinoamericano de Geopolítica (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 March 2023 .
^ "Peru: Police clash with protesters in capital Lima" . BBC News . 6 November 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023 .
^ "Con primera ministra a la cabeza, así es el nuevo gabinete de Francisco Sagasti en Perú" . France 24 . 19 November 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2023 .
^ a b Aquino, Marco (7 December 2022). "Peru's Castillo threatens to dissolve Congress as political crisis deepens" . Reuters . Retrieved 7 December 2022 .
^ "Pedro Castillo cierra el Congreso, en vivo: disolución, mensaje del presidente y últimas noticias" . Diario AS (in Spanish). 8 December 2022.
^ Pozzebon, Claudia Rebaza,Tara John,Stefano (7 December 2022). "Peru lawmakers impeach Castillo after he attempts to dissolve Congress" . CNN . Retrieved 7 December 2022 . {{cite news }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )
^ "Peru's Congress votes to remove president Castillo in impeachment trial" . Reuters . 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ "Congresso do Peru destitui presidente que tentou golpe" . O Antagonista (in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022 .
^ "Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment" . BBC News . 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ Cano, Regina Garcia (14 December 2022). "Peru's new government declares police state amid protests" . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 December 2022 .
^ "Decreto de insurgencia" (PDF) . Diario Expresión. 13 December 2022. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022 .
^ Collyns, Dan (15 December 2022). "Former Peru president ordered to remain in custody for 18 months as protest death toll rises to 12" . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2022 .
^ Collyns, Dan (7 December 2022). "Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 December 2022 .
^ "Peru's ex-president Castillo gets extended pre-trial detention. The judge in charge of the Supreme Court-led investigation, Juan Carlos Checkley, ordered the three-year pre-trial detention for Castillo 'allegedly being the leader of a criminal organization" . Le Monde . Retrieved 15 May 2023 .
^ "Peru: Judge orders 36-month pre-trial detention for Pedro Castillo" . Andina . Retrieved 15 May 2023 .
^ "Peru: Events of 2022" , Human Rights Watch , 12 January 2023, retrieved 9 March 2023
^ Cite error: The named reference :4
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Romero, César. "Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial" . La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 March 2023 .
^ Romero, César. "El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país" . La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 March 2023 .
^ Cárdenas, Abel (5 March 2023). "Congreso doblega el equilibrio de poderes en medio de la convulsión social en Perú" . Ojo Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 March 2023 .
^ "Así se enfrentaron Pedro Castillo y el Congreso de Perú hasta la destitución" . France 24 . 8 December 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2023 .
^ Patriau, Enrique (21 June 2023). "El Tribunal Constitucional altera el equilibrio de poderes con sus decisiones" . La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 July 2023 .
^ Multiple sources:
^ Spinetto, Juan Pablo (7 December 2022). "Peru Constitutional Court Calls Castillo's Dissolution of Congress a Coup" . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ "Pedro Castillo disuelve el Congreso, anuncia que intervendrá el PJ y decreta Estado de Excepción" . Perú.21 (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ Cite error: The named reference :3
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ a b Collyns, Dan (8 December 2022). "Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 25 March 2023 .
^ Cite error: The named reference :23
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Cite error: The named reference :24
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ "IEP Informe de Opinión – Diciembre 2022 (Informe completo)" (PDF) . Institute of Peruvian Studies [es ] . Retrieved 5 August 2023 .
^ " 'They treat us like animals': Peru's anti-coup protests explained" . The Real News Network . 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023 .
^ Acuña, Rodrigo (23 December 2022). "Protests Continue in Peru as Newly Installed Government Cracks Down After Coup" . Truthout . Retrieved 1 May 2023 .
^ Cite error: The named reference :202
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Cite error: The named reference :212
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^ Zamarrón, Julio (7 February 2023). "Pedro Castillo: "Me presentan como un monstruo. Soy el presidente del Perú" " . El Salto (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 February 2023 .