4G

4G refers to the fourth-generation of cellular network technology, first introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Compared to preceding third-generation (3G) technologies, 4G has been designed to support all-IP communications and broadband services, and eliminates circuit switching in voice telephony.^[1] It also has considerably higher data bandwidth compared to 3G, enabling a variety of data-intensive applications^[2] such as high-definition media streaming and the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications.^[1]

The earliest deployed technologies marketed as "4G" were Long Term Evolution (LTE), developed by the 3GPP group, and Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Mobile WiMAX), based on IEEE specifications.^[3]^[4] These provided significant enhancements over previous 3G and 2G .

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Li, Zhengmao; Wang, Xiaoyun; Zhang, Tongxu (August 11, 2020), "From 5G to 5G+", 5G+, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 19–33, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6819-0_3, ISBN 978-981-15-6818-3, S2CID 225014477, retrieved August 3, 2022
^ https://3g4g.co.uk/Lte/LTE_WiMAX_WP_1101_BIT.pdf
^ "LTE vs WiMAX". Network World. Retrieved February 26, 2025.

[:2-1] Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[2] Li, Zhengmao; Wang, Xiaoyun; Zhang, Tongxu (August 11, 2020), "From 5G to 5G+", 5G+, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 19–33, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6819-0_3, ISBN 978-981-15-6818-3, S2CID 225014477, retrieved August 3, 2022

[3] ttps://3g4g.co.uk/Lte/LTE_WiMAX_WP_1101_BIT.pdf

[4] "LTE vs WiMAX". Network World. Retrieved February 26, 2025.

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