Abd al-Rahman III

Names
	Kunya: Abu al-Mutarrif (أبو المطرف); Laqab: Al-Nasir li-Din Allah (الناصر لدين الله); Nasab: Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hakam ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As ibn Umayya

Abd al-Rahman III
(عبد الرحمن الناصر لدين الله)
Abd al-Rahman III; (عبد الرحمن الناصر لدين الله)
Amir al-Mu'minīn; Al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh;
	Silver dirham of Abd al-Rahman III, minted in 335 AH
1st Caliph of Córdoba
Reign	16 January 929 – 15 October 961 (32 years)
Proclamation	16 January 929 (aged 38)
Successor	Al-Hakam II
8th Emir of Córdoba
Reign	16 October 912 – 16 January 929
Bay'ah	17 October 912 (aged 21)
Predecessor	Abdullah
Born	11 January 890; Córdoba
Died	15 October 961 (aged 70); Córdoba
Burial	Alcázar of Córdoba
Consort	Fatima bint Al-Mundhir; ; Marjan or Murjan (favorite);
Issue	Sons in order of birth according to Ibn Hazm:; Al-Hakam II (son of Murjan); Abd al-Aziz; Al-Asbagh; Ubayd Allah; Abd al-Jabbar; Abd al-Malik; Sulayman; Abdullah; Marwan; Al-Mundhir; Al-Mugira
Names
Names
	Kunya: Abu al-Mutarrif (أبو المطرف); Laqab: Al-Nasir li-Din Allah (الناصر لدين الله); Nasab: Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hakam ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As ibn Umayya
House	Umayyad; Marwanid (Andalusian) Branch
Dynasty	Umayyad
Father	Muhammad ibn Abdullah
Mother	Muzna (originally Maria?)
Religion	Sunni Islam; (Maliki school)

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥakam al-Rabdī ibn Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil (Arabic: عبدالرحمن بن محمد بن عبداللہ بن محمد بن عبدالرحمن بن الحكم بن هشام بن عبد الرحمن الداخل;^[6] 890–961), or simply ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, was the Umayyad Emir of Córdoba from 912 to 929, at which point he founded the Caliphate of Córdoba, serving as its first caliph until his death. Abd al-Rahman won the laqab (sobriquet) al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh (lit. 'the Defender of God's Faith') in his early 20s when he supported the Maghrawa Berbers in North Africa against Fatimid expansion and later claimed the title of Caliph for himself.^[14] His half-century reign was known for its religious tolerance.

^ ^a ^b ^c Fletcher, Richard (2006) [1992]. "Chapter 4: The Caliphate of Córdoba". Moorish Spain (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-520-24840-3.
^ Wasserstein, David (1993). The Caliphate in the West: An Islamic Political Institution in the Iberian Peninsula (snippet view). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-820301-8. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
^ Azizur Rahman, Syed (2001). The Story of Islamic Spain (snippet view). New Delhi: Goodword Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-87570-57-8. [Emir Abdullah died on] 16 Oct., 912 after 26 years of writing an intro to the first caliph and leaving his fragmented and bankrupt kingdom to his grandson 'Abd al-Rahman. The following day, the new sultan received the oath of allegiance at a ceremony held in the "Perfect salon" (al-majils al-kamil) of the Alcazar.
^ Abd_al-Rahman_III in www.worldhistory.org
^ ^a ^b Gordon, Matthew (2005). "Document 15: Abd al-Rahman III of al-Andalus". The Rise of Islam. Greenwood guides to historic events of the medieval world. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-313-32522-9.
^ ^a ^b "'Abd al-Rahman III". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A–Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). 2010. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
^ Kennedy, Hugh N. (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus (snippet view). London: Longman. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-582-49515-9. Retrieved 6 September 2010. The Caliph died on 15 October 961 and was buried with his predecessors in the Alcazar at Cordoba.
^ ^a ^b Vallvé Bermejo, Joaquín (1999). Al-Andalus: sociedad e instituciones [Al-Andalus: Society and Institutions]. Volume 20 of Clave historial (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-84-89512-16-0.
^ Marín, Manuela (2002). "Marriage and Sexuality in Al-Andalus". In Lacarra Lanz, Eukene (ed.). Marriage and Sexuality in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. Volume 26 of Hispanic issues. New York: Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-415-93634-7.
^ ^a ^b Kassis, Hanna (1999). "A glimpse of openness in medieval society: Al-Ḥakam II of Córdoba and his non-Muslim collaborators" (Festschrift in Honor of János M. Bak). In Nagy, Balázs; Sebők, Marcell (eds.). The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-963-9116-67-2.
^ Lane-Poole 1894, p. 11
^ Lane-Poole 1894, p. 22
^ Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0. ... the Umayyad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, who was a Mālikī Sunnī.
^ "The Golden Caliphate". Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2008.

[Fletcher-1] Fletcher, Richard (2006) [1992]. "Chapter 4: The Caliphate of Córdoba". Moorish Spain (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-520-24840-3.

[Wasserstein-2] Wasserstein, David (1993). The Caliphate in the West: An Islamic Political Institution in the Iberian Peninsula (snippet view). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-820301-8. Retrieved 5 September 2010.

[3] Azizur Rahman, Syed (2001). The Story of Islamic Spain (snippet view). New Delhi: Goodword Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-87570-57-8. [Emir Abdullah died on] 16 Oct., 912 after 26 years of writing an intro to the first caliph and leaving his fragmented and bankrupt kingdom to his grandson 'Abd al-Rahman. The following day, the new sultan received the oath of allegiance at a ceremony held in the "Perfect salon" (al-majils al-kamil) of the Alcazar.

[4] Abd_al-Rahman_III in www.worldhistory.org

[Gordon-5] Gordon, Matthew (2005). "Document 15: Abd al-Rahman III of al-Andalus". The Rise of Islam. Greenwood guides to historic events of the medieval world. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-313-32522-9.

[EB-6] "'Abd al-Rahman III". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A–Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). 2010. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.

[7] Kennedy, Hugh N. (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus (snippet view). London: Longman. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-582-49515-9. Retrieved 6 September 2010. The Caliph died on 15 October 961 and was buried with his predecessors in the Alcazar at Cordoba.

[Vallvé-8] Vallvé Bermejo, Joaquín (1999). Al-Andalus: sociedad e instituciones [Al-Andalus: Society and Institutions]. Volume 20 of Clave historial (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-84-89512-16-0.

[9] Marín, Manuela (2002). "Marriage and Sexuality in Al-Andalus". In Lacarra Lanz, Eukene (ed.). Marriage and Sexuality in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. Volume 26 of Hispanic issues. New York: Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-415-93634-7.

[Kassis-10] Kassis, Hanna (1999). "A glimpse of openness in medieval society: Al-Ḥakam II of Córdoba and his non-Muslim collaborators" (Festschrift in Honor of János M. Bak). In Nagy, Balázs; Sebők, Marcell (eds.). The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-963-9116-67-2.

[11] Lane-Poole 1894, p. 11

[Lane-Poole_22-12] Lane-Poole 1894, p. 22

[13] Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0. ... the Umayyad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, who was a Mālikī Sunnī.

[14] "The Golden Caliphate". Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2008.

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