Acute toxicity

Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure^[1] or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours). ^[2] To be described as acute toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.^[2]

Acute toxicity is distinguished from chronic toxicity, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer time period (months or years).

It is widely considered unethical to use humans as test subjects for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be gained from investigating accidental human exposures (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, in vitro testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.^[1][3]