Adverse drug reaction

Adverse drug reaction
Adverse drug reaction
	A rash due to a drug reaction

An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is a harmful, unintended result caused by taking medication.^[1]^{: 1.1 Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)}^[2] ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or may result from the combination of two or more drugs. The meaning of this term differs from the term "side effect" because side effects can be beneficial as well as detrimental.^[3] The study of ADRs is the concern of the field known as pharmacovigilance.^[3] An adverse event (AE) refers to any unexpected and inappropriate occurrence at the time a drug is used, whether or not the event is associated with the administration of the drug.^[1]^{: 1.2 Adverse Event (AE)} An ADR is a special type of AE in which a causative relationship can be shown.^[3] ADRs are only one type of medication-related harm. Another type of medication-related harm type includes not taking prescribed medications, known as non-adherence.^[4] Non-adherence to medications can lead to death and other negative outcomes.^[4] Adverse drug reactions require the use of a medication.^[3]

^ ^a ^b "1. Glossary". Guideline For Good Clinical Practice. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 10 June 1996. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ "Adverse Drug Reaction (Code C142385)". Enterprise Vocabulary Services. National Cancer Institute. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nebeker JR, Barach P, Samore MH (May 2004). "Clarifying adverse drug events: a clinician's guide to terminology, documentation, and reporting". Improving patient care. Annals of Internal Medicine. 140 (10): 795–801. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00009. PMID 15148066. S2CID 32296353.
^ ^a ^b "Why You Need to Take Your Medications as Prescribed or Instructed". Food and Drug Administration. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2023.

[MEDIA482-1] "1. Glossary". Guideline For Good Clinical Practice. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 10 June 1996. Retrieved 16 April 2022.

[2] "Adverse Drug Reaction (Code C142385)". Enterprise Vocabulary Services. National Cancer Institute. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2023.

[pmid15148066-3] Nebeker JR, Barach P, Samore MH (May 2004). "Clarifying adverse drug events: a clinician's guide to terminology, documentation, and reporting". Improving patient care. Annals of Internal Medicine. 140 (10): 795–801. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00009. PMID 15148066. S2CID 32296353.

[U.S._Food_&_Drug_Administration_2016-4] "Why You Need to Take Your Medications as Prescribed or Instructed". Food and Drug Administration. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2023.

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