African admixture in Europe refers to the presence of human genotypes attributable to periods of human population dispersals out of Africa in the genetic history of Europe .
More recent African admixture – primarily Berber admixture from North Africa – is associated with historic migrations through the Mediterranean Sea and the Muslim conquests of the Early Middle Ages . This admixture can be found primarily in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Spain and Portugal ), with higher levels in the West and the South[1] [2] [3] and Southern Italy , with higher levels in Sardinia and Sicily .[4]
^ Botigué LR, Henn BM, Gravel S, Maples BK, Gignoux CR, Corona E, et al. (July 2013). "Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic diversity in southern Europe" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 110 (29): 11791–11796. Bibcode :2019NatCo..10..551B . doi :10.1073/pnas.1306223110 . PMC 3718088 . PMID 23733930 .
^ Olalde I, Mallick S, Patterson N, Rohland N, Villalba-Mouco V, Silva M, et al. (March 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years" . Science . 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode :2019Sci...363.1230O . doi :10.1126/science.aav4040 . PMC 6436108 . PMID 30872528 .
^ Bycroft C, Fernandez-Rozadilla C, Ruiz-Ponte C, Quintela I, Carracedo Á, Donnelly P, Myers S (February 2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula" . Nature Communications . 10 (1): 551. Bibcode :2019NatCo..10..551B . doi :10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w . PMC 6358624 . PMID 30710075 .
^ Marcus, Joseph H.; Posth, Cosimo; Ringbauer, Harald; Lai, Luca; Skeates, Robin; Sidore, Carlo; Beckett, Jessica; Furtwängler, Anja; Olivieri, Anna; Chiang, Charleston W. K.; Al-Asadi, Hussein; Dey, Kushal; Joseph, Tyler A.; Liu, Chi-Chun; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Radzevičiūtė, Rita; Michel, Megan; Gradoli, Maria Giuseppina; Marongiu, Patrizia; Rubino, Salvatore; Mazzarello, Vittorio; Rovina, Daniela; La Fragola, Alessandra; Serra, Rita Maria; Bandiera, Pasquale; Bianucci, Raffaella; Pompianu, Elisa; Murgia, Clizia; Guirguis, Michele; Orquin, Rosana Pla; Tuross, Noreen; van Dommelen, Peter; Haak, Wolfgang; Reich, David; Schlessinger, David; Cucca, Francesco; Krause, Johannes; Novembre, John (24 February 2020). "Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia" . Nature Communications . 11 (1): 939. Bibcode :2020NatCo..11..939M . doi :10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 . PMC 7039977 . PMID 32094358 .