African admixture in Europe

African admixture in Europe refers to the presence of human genotypes attributable to periods of human population dispersals out of Africa in the genetic history of Europe. For example, certain Y-DNA and mtDNA lineages are thought to have spread from Northeastern Africa to the Near East during the later Pleistocene, and from there to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution.^[1]^[2]

More recent African admixture – primarily Berber admixture from North Africa – is associated with historic migrations through the Mediterranean Sea and the Muslim conquests of the Early Middle Ages. This admixture can be found primarily in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Spain and Portugal), with higher levels in the West and the South^[3]^[4]^[5] and Southern Italy, with higher levels in Sardinia and Sicily.^[6]

^ Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Pascone R, Moral P, Watson E, Guida V, Colomb EB, Zaharova B, Lavinha J, Vona G, Aman R, Cali F, Akar N, Richards M, Torroni A, Novelletto A, Scozzari R (May 2004). "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–22. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
^ Cite error: The named reference Malyarchuk_2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Botigué LR, Henn BM, Gravel S, Maples BK, Gignoux CR, Corona E, et al. (July 2013). "Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic diversity in southern Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (29): 11791–11796. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306223110. PMC 3718088. PMID 23733930.
^ Olalde I, Mallick S, Patterson N, Rohland N, Villalba-Mouco V, Silva M, et al. (March 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.
^ Bycroft C, Fernandez-Rozadilla C, Ruiz-Ponte C, Quintela I, Carracedo Á, Donnelly P, Myers S (February 2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
^ Marcus, Joseph H.; Posth, Cosimo; Ringbauer, Harald; Lai, Luca; Skeates, Robin; Sidore, Carlo; Beckett, Jessica; Furtwängler, Anja; Olivieri, Anna; Chiang, Charleston W. K.; Al-Asadi, Hussein; Dey, Kushal; Joseph, Tyler A.; Liu, Chi-Chun; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Radzevičiūtė, Rita; Michel, Megan; Gradoli, Maria Giuseppina; Marongiu, Patrizia; Rubino, Salvatore; Mazzarello, Vittorio; Rovina, Daniela; La Fragola, Alessandra; Serra, Rita Maria; Bandiera, Pasquale; Bianucci, Raffaella; Pompianu, Elisa; Murgia, Clizia; Guirguis, Michele; Orquin, Rosana Pla; Tuross, Noreen; van Dommelen, Peter; Haak, Wolfgang; Reich, David; Schlessinger, David; Cucca, Francesco; Krause, Johannes; Novembre, John (24 February 2020). "Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 939. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..939M. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6. PMC 7039977. PMID 32094358.

[Cruciani_2004-1] Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Pascone R, Moral P, Watson E, Guida V, Colomb EB, Zaharova B, Lavinha J, Vona G, Aman R, Cali F, Akar N, Richards M, Torroni A, Novelletto A, Scozzari R (May 2004). "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–22. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.

[Malyarchuk_2005-2] Cite error: The named reference Malyarchuk_2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Botigue2013-3] Botigué LR, Henn BM, Gravel S, Maples BK, Gignoux CR, Corona E, et al. (July 2013). "Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic diversity in southern Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (29): 11791–11796. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306223110. PMC 3718088. PMID 23733930.

[Olalde_2019-4] Olalde I, Mallick S, Patterson N, Rohland N, Villalba-Mouco V, Silva M, et al. (March 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.

[Bycroft2019-5] Bycroft C, Fernandez-Rozadilla C, Ruiz-Ponte C, Quintela I, Carracedo Á, Donnelly P, Myers S (February 2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.

[6] Marcus, Joseph H.; Posth, Cosimo; Ringbauer, Harald; Lai, Luca; Skeates, Robin; Sidore, Carlo; Beckett, Jessica; Furtwängler, Anja; Olivieri, Anna; Chiang, Charleston W. K.; Al-Asadi, Hussein; Dey, Kushal; Joseph, Tyler A.; Liu, Chi-Chun; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Radzevičiūtė, Rita; Michel, Megan; Gradoli, Maria Giuseppina; Marongiu, Patrizia; Rubino, Salvatore; Mazzarello, Vittorio; Rovina, Daniela; La Fragola, Alessandra; Serra, Rita Maria; Bandiera, Pasquale; Bianucci, Raffaella; Pompianu, Elisa; Murgia, Clizia; Guirguis, Michele; Orquin, Rosana Pla; Tuross, Noreen; van Dommelen, Peter; Haak, Wolfgang; Reich, David; Schlessinger, David; Cucca, Francesco; Krause, Johannes; Novembre, John (24 February 2020). "Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 939. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..939M. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6. PMC 7039977. PMID 32094358.

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