Afro-brasileiros | |
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![]() Afro-Brazilians (excluding pardos) in 2022 | |
Total population | |
![]() ![]() | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Entire country; highest percent found in the Northeast and Southeast regions | |
![]() | 3,546,562[1] |
![]() | 3,164,691[1] |
![]() | 2,594,253[1] |
![]() | 2,432,877[1] |
Languages | |
Portuguese | |
Religion | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other peoples of African descent in Latin America |
Afro-Brazilians (Portuguese: afro-brasileiros; pronounced [ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus]) are an ethno-racial group consisting of Brazilians with full or mainly sub-Saharan African ancestry. Most multiracial Brazilians also have a range of degree of African ancestry. Brazilians whose African features are more evident are generally seen by others as Blacks and may identify themselves as such, while the ones with less noticeable African features may not be seen as such.[2][3] However, Brazilians rarely use the term "Afro-Brazilian" as a term of ethnic identity[2] and never in informal discourse.
Preto ("black") and pardo ("brown/mixed") are among five ethnic categories used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), along with branco ("white"), amarelo ("yellow", ethnic East Asian), and indígena (indigenous). In the 2022 census, 20.7 million Brazilians (10,2% of the population) identified as preto, while 92.1 million (45,3% of the population) identified as pardo, together making up 55.5% of Brazil's population.[4] The term preto is usually used to refer to those with the darkest skin colour, so as a result of this many Brazilians of African descent identify themselves as part of the pardo category.[5] The Brazilian Black Movement considers pretos and pardos together as part of a single category: negros (Blacks). In 2010, this perspective gained official recognition when Brazilian Congress passed a law creating the Statute of Racial Equality. However, this definition is contested[6][7] since a portion of pardos are acculturated indigenous people or people with indigenous and European rather than African ancestry, especially in Northern Brazil.[8][9][10] A survey from the early 2000s revealed that if the pardo category were removed from the census, at least half of those identifying as pardo would instead choose to identify as black.[3]
During the slavery period between the 16th and 19th centuries, Brazil received approximately four to five million Africans, who constituted about 40% of all Africans brought to the Americas.[11] Many Africans who escaped slavery fled to quilombos, communities where they could live freely and resist oppression. In 1850, Brazil determined the definitive prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade and in 1888 the country abolished slavery, making it the last one in the Americas to do so. With the largest Afro-descendant population outside of Africa, Brazil's cultural, social, and economic landscape has been profoundly shaped by Afro-Brazilians. Their contributions are especially notable in sports, cuisine, literature, music, and dance, with elements like samba, bossa nova, and capoeira reflecting their heritage. In contemporary times, Afro-Brazilians still face socioeconomic disparities and racial discrimination and continue the fight for racial equality and social justice.
Afro-Brazilian topics |
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Afro-Brazilian history |
Religion |
Culture and music |
(Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.
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