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Afro-Brazilians

Afro-Brazilians
Afro-Brasileiros
Afro-Brazilians (excluding multiracial people) in 2022
Total population
Increase 20,656,458 (2022 census)[1]
Increase 10.17% of the Brazilian population
Regions with significant populations
   Entire country; highest percent found in Northeast and Southeast Region
Bahia Bahia3,164,691[2]
São Paulo (state) São Paulo3,546,562[2]
Rio de Janeiro (state) Rio de Janeiro2,594,253[2]
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais2,432,877[2]
Languages
Portuguese
Religion

Afro-Brazilians (Portuguese: afro-brasileiros; pronounced [ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus]) are Brazilians who have predominantly sub-Saharan African ancestry (see "preto"). Most members of another group of people, multiracial Brazilians or pardos, may also have a range of degree of African ancestry. Depending on the circumstances (situation, locality, etc.), the ones whose African features are more evident are always or frequently seen by others as "Africans" – consequently identifying themselves as such, while the ones for whom this evidence is lesser may not be seen as such as regularly.[3][4]

Preto ("black") and pardo ("brown/mixed") are among five ethnic categories used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), along with branco ("white"), amarelo ("yellow", ethnic East Asian), and indígena (Native American).[5] In 2022, 20.7 million Brazilians (10,2% of the population) identified as preto, while 92.1 million (45,3% of the population) identified as pardo, together making up 55.5% of Brazil's population.[6] The Brazilian Black Movement considers pretos and pardos together as part of a single category: negros (blacks). In 2010, this perspective gained official recognition when Brazilian Congress passed a law creating the Statute of Racial Equality. However, this definition is contested as not everyone agrees with it.[7][8] Both pretos and pardos share socioeconomic indications of discrimination, but their combination is controversial because a portion of pardos are caboclos, that is, acculturated indigenous people or people with predominantly indigenous rather than African ancestry, especially in Northern Brazil.[9][10][11]

Brazilians rarely use the American-style phrase "African Brazilian" as a term of ethnic identity[3] and never in informal discourse: the IBGE's July 1998 PME shows that, of Black Brazilians, only about 10% identify as being of "African origin"; most identify as being of "Brazilian origin".[12] In the July 1998 PME, the categories Afro-Brasileiro (Afro-Brazilian) and Africano Brasileiro (African Brazilian) were not chosen at all; the category Africano (African) was selected by 0.004% of the respondents.[13] In the 1976 National Household Sample (PNAD), none of these terms was used even once.[14]

According to Edward Telles,[15] three different systems related to "racial classification" along the White-Black continuum are used in Brazil. The first is the Census System, which distinguishes three categories: branco (White), pardo, and preto.[16] The second is the popular social system that uses many different categories, including the ambiguous term moreno (literally meaning "tanned", "brunette", or "with an olive complexion").[17] The third is the Black movement, which distinguishes only two categories, summing up pardos and pretos ("blacks", lowercase) as negros ("Blacks", with capital initial), and putting all others as "whites".[18] More recently, the term afrodescendente has been adopted for use,[19] but it is restricted to very formal discourse, such as governmental or academic discussions.

Afro-Brazilian topics
Afro-Brazilian history
Religion
Culture and music
  1. ^ "Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos". sidra.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d "Panorama do Censo 2022". Panorama do Censo 2022 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades" (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. (Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.
  4. ^ Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). "Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 35 (8): 1466–1483. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503. S2CID 32438550. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014.
  5. ^ "Censo 2010" (PDF). IGBE.
  6. ^ "Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem". 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  7. ^ "Pardos: os dilemas dos brasileiros que formam maior grupo étnico-racial segundo Censo 2022" (in Brazilian Portuguese). BBC News Brasil. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  8. ^ "PERGUNTAS FREQUENTES". unilab.edu.br. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  9. ^ Souza, Etelvina (26 August 2023). "Dilemas de brasileiros pardos-mestiços que vivem em 'limbo racial'". Portal Em Tempo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  10. ^ "Em Debate". Geledes.org.br. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  11. ^ Pena, Sérgio Danilo (11 September 2009). "Do pensamento racial ao pensamento racional" [From racial thought to rational thought] (PDF) (in Portuguese). laboratoriogene.com.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  12. ^ Simon Schwartzman, "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil" (Quadro 6 – Cor ou raça por origem), p. 10.
  13. ^ José Luiz Petruccelli. A Cor Denominada. Anexo 1. p. 43 (unavailable online)
  14. ^ Cristina Grillo, "Brasil quer ser chamado de moreno e só 39% se autodefinem como brancos", Folha de S. Paulo, 25 June 1995. (PDF) Accessed 19 September 2010.
  15. ^ Edward Eric Telles (2004). "Racial Classification". Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–84. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6.
  16. ^ Telles, Edward Eric (2004). Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6.
  17. ^ "adj. e s.m. Diz-se de, ou quem tem cabelos negros e pele um pouco escura; trigueiro. / Bras. Designação irônica ou eufemística que se dá aos pretos e mulatos. Literally, this means: "(said of) those who have black hair and a somewhat dark skin, of the colour of ripe wheat. / (in Brazil) Ironic or euphemistic designation given to blacks and Mulattoes". Dicionario do Aurelio. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011.
  18. ^ Telles (2004), Race in Another America, p. 85.
  19. ^ Pena, Sérgio, and Maria Cátira Bortolini. Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas? (Can genetics define who should benefit from university quotas and affirmative action), Note 1, p. 47.

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