Ahruf

According to Islamic tradition, the Quran was revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel (Jibrail). The seven reading variants (Arabic: أَحْرُف, romanized: aḥruf, singular: ḥarf), translated as "styles", "ways",^[1] "forms" and "modes",^[2] are said to have been taught by Michael.^[3] Islamic scholars agree that the ahruf were styles used by the early Muslims to recite the Quran.^[4]

The Islamic Caliph Uthman compiled the Quran using one of the ahruf during the 7th century, and the other ahruf fell out of use.^[5] The ahruf are distinct from the qira'at, which are methods of pronouncing the Quran that also go back to Muhammad according to the Hadith.^[6]

^ Khatib, Ammar; Khan, Nazir (23 August 2019). "The Origins of the Variant Readings of the Qur'an". Yaqeen Institute.
^ Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 29–30.
^ Reynolds, G. S. (2009). Angels. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204
^ Dutton 2012, p. 21.
^ Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 28-29.
^ Cite error: The named reference ri-28-29 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:3-1] Khatib, Ammar; Khan, Nazir (23 August 2019). "The Origins of the Variant Readings of the Qur'an". Yaqeen Institute.

[ri-29-30-2] Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 29–30.

[3] Reynolds, G. S. (2009). Angels. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204

[4] Dutton 2012, p. 21.

[5] Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 28-29.

[ri-28-29-6] Cite error: The named reference ri-28-29 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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