Alberto Fujimori

His Excellency
Alberto Fujimori
His Excellency Alberto Fujimori
藤森謙也; アルベルト・フジモリ
	Fujimori in 1991
54th President of Peru
	In office; 28 July 1990 – 22 November 2000
Prime Minister	See list Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller ; Carlos Torres y Torres Lara ; Alfonso de los Heros ; Óscar de la Puente Raygada ; Alfonso Bustamante ; Efraín Goldenberg ; Dante Córdova Blanco ; Alberto Pandolfi ; Javier Valle Riestra ; Víctor Joy Way ; Alberto Bustamante Belaúnde ; Federico Salas ;
Vice President	See list First Vice Presidents ; Máximo San Román; (1990–1992) ; Vacant; (1992–1995) ; Ricardo Márquez Flores; (1995–2000) ; Francisco Tudela; (July–November 2000) ; Second Vice Presidents ; Carlos García y García; (1990–1992) ; Vacant; (1992–1995) ; César Paredes Canto; (1995–2000) ; Ricardo Márquez Flores; (July–November 2000) ;
Preceded by	Alan García
Succeeded by	Valentín Paniagua
President of the Emergency and National Reconstruction Government
	In office; 5 April 1992 – 9 January 1993
Preceded by	Post established
Succeeded by	Post abolished
Personal details
Born	Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto; 26 July 1938; Lima, Peru
Died	11 September 2024 (aged 86); Lima, Peru
Resting place	Campo Fe Huachipa Cemetery
Citizenship	Peru; Japan
Political party	Change 90 (1990–1998); Sí Cumple (1998–2010); People's New Party (2007–2013); Popular Force (2024)
Other political; affiliations	New Majority (1992–1998, non-affiliated member); Peru 2000 (1999–2001); Alliance for the Future (2005–2010); Change 21 (2018–2019)
Spouses	; Susana Higuchi (m. 1974; div. 1995) ; Satomi Kataoka (m. 2006)
Children	4, including Keiko and Kenji
Relatives	Santiago Fujimori (brother)
Alma mater	National Agrarian University (BS); University of Strasbourg; University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (MS)
Signature
Website	alberto.fujimori.pe
	Criminal information
Criminal status	Convicted
Criminal charge	Human rights abuses, murder, kidnapping, embezzlement, abuse of power, bribery and corruption
Penalty	25 years in prison (Human rights abuses, murder and kidnapping charges); Six years in prison (Abuse of power charges); Seven-and-a-half years in prison (Embezzlement charges); Six years in prison (Corruption and bribery charges)

Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto^[b] (26 July 1938^[c] – 11 September 2024) was a Peruvian politician, professor, and engineer who served as the 54th president of Peru from 1990 to 2000.^[d]^[6] Born in Lima, Fujimori was the country's first president of Japanese descent, and was as an agronomist and university rector before entering politics.

Fujimori emerged as a politician during the midst of the Internal conflict in Peru, the Peruvian Lost Decade, and the ensuing violence caused by the far-left guerilla group Shining Path.^[7] During his presidential tenureship, Fujimori implemented a series of military reforms and responded to the Shining Path with repressive and lethal force, successfully halting the group's actions. Fujimori's neoliberal political ideology of Fujimorism, and his economic policy rescued Peru's economy and transformed its governance in the midst of its internal conflict.

In 1992, during his first presidential term, Fujimori, with the support of the National Intelligence Service and the Peruvian Armed Forces adopted Plan Verde and carried out a self-coup against the Peruvian legislature and judiciary. Fujimori dissolved the Peruvian congress and supreme court, effectively making him a de-facto dictator of Peru.^[6]^[8] The coup was criticized by Peruvian politicians, intellectuals and journalists, but was well received by the country's private business sector and a substantial part of the public.^[9] Following the coup d'état, Fujimori drafted a new constitution in 1993, which was approved in a referendum, and was elected as president for a second term in 1995 and controversially for a third term in 2000.

Fujimori's tenureship is marked by severe authoritarian measures, excessive use of propaganda, entrenched political corruption, multiple cases of extrajudicial killings, and human rights violations. Under the provisions of Plan Verde, Fujimori targeted members of Peru's indigenous community and subjected them to forced sterilizations.

In 2000 following his third term election, Fujimori was facing mounting allegations of widespread corruption and crimes against humanity, in his government. Subsequently Fujimori fled to Japan, where he submitted his presidential resignation via fax. Peru's congress refused to accept his resignation, instead voting to remove him from office on the grounds that he was "permanently morally disabled."^[10] While in Japan, Peru issued multiple criminal charges against him, stemming from the corruption and human rights abuses that occurred during his government. Peru requested Fujimori's extradition from Japan, which was refused by the Japanese government due to Fujimori being a Japanese citizen, and Japanese laws stipulating against extraditing its citizens.^[11] In 2005, while Fujimori was visiting Santiago, Chile, he was arrested by the Carabineros de Chile by the request of Peru, and extradited to Lima to face charges in 2007.

Fujimori was sentenced to 25 years in prison, but was unlawfully pardoned by president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017, and was officially released in December 2023.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

^ Released on 5 December 2023.
^ Cite error: The named reference Birth was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Hernon, Matthew (12 September 2024). "Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori Dies at 86". Tokyo Weekender. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
^
- McMillan, John; Zoido, Pablo (Autumn 2004). "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (4): 69. doi:10.1257/0895330042632690. hdl:10419/76612. S2CID 219372153. In the 1990s, Peru was run ... by its secret-police chief, Vladimiro Montesinos Torres.
- Vargas Llosa, Mario (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
- "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it, Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
- Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
- "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
- "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
^ Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b
* Burt, Jo-Marie; Youngers, Coletta A. (2010). "Peruvian precedent: the Fujimori conviction and the ongoing struggle for justice". NACLA Report on the Americas. 43 (2): 6. doi:10.1080/10714839.2010.11722203. S2CID 157981443. Peru's vibrant human rights community, which fought tirelessly to confront impunity, end the Fujimori dictatorship
- Contesse, Jorge (July 2019). "Inter-American Court of Human Rights – presidential pardon – anti-impunity – conventionality control". American Journal of International Law. 113 (3): 568. doi:10.1017/ajil.2019.28. S2CID 199175644. the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Court) ordered Peru to review the presidential pardon granted to former president and dictator Alberto Fujimori
- Dzero, Irina (Summer 2016). "La fiesta del Chivo, novel and film: on the transition to democracy in Latin America". Latin American Research Review. 51 (3): 85–100. doi:10.1353/lar.2016.0035. S2CID 152210483. the dictator Fujimori fled
- Brickner, Rachel K. (2006). "Assessing Fujimori's Peru". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 7 (2): 160. Fujimori's rule as a dictator lasted for nearly ten years
- Frantz, Erica; Geddes, Barbara (April 2016). "The legacy of dictatorship for democratic parties in Latin America". Journal of Politics in Latin America. 8 (1). German Institute for Global and Area Studies: 3–32. doi:10.1177/1866802X1600800101. S2CID 55466885. in Peru the first dictatorial support party was created by General Manuel Odria ... and the second completely different one by President Alberto Fujimori
- Lesser, Jeffrey; Hu-DeHart, Evelyn; Lopez-Calvo, Ignacio (Fall 2017). "Why Asia and Latin America?". Verge: Studies in Global Asias. 3 (2): 1. doi:10.5749/vergstudglobasia.3.2.0001. S2CID 166028670. former Peruvian dictator Alberto Fujimori often dressed as a samurai and as an Inca as part of his campaign publicity
- Collyns, Dan (3 June 2021). "Leftist teacher takes on dictator's daughter as Peru picks new president". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
^ “Guzmán, Abimael (Comrade Gonzalo).” Terrorism Reference Library. Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/guzMan-abimael-comradegonzalo
^ Cite error: The named reference :19 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Ferrero Costa, Eduardo (1993). "Peru's Presidential Coup". Journal of Democracy. 4 (1): 28–40. ISSN 1086-3214.
^ "Congreso declara la vacancia de Fujimori por permanente incapacidad moral". Centro de Documentación e Investigación LUM. Ministry of Culture of Peru. 22 November 2000. Archived from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^ "Japan: Fujimori To Be Treated As Japanese Citizen - 2001-08-03". Voice of America. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2025.

[2] Released on 5 December 2023.

[Birth-4] Cite error: The named reference Birth was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[5] Hernon, Matthew (12 September 2024). "Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori Dies at 86". Tokyo Weekender. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.

[:8-7] 
McMillan, John; Zoido, Pablo (Autumn 2004). "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (4): 69. doi:10.1257/0895330042632690. hdl:10419/76612. S2CID 219372153. In the 1990s, Peru was run ... by its secret-police chief, Vladimiro Montesinos Torres.

Vargas Llosa, Mario (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.

"Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it, Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.

Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead

"THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces

"Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead

[5] McMillan, John; Zoido, Pablo (Autumn 2004). "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (4): 69. doi:10.1257/0895330042632690. hdl:10419/76612. S2CID 219372153. In the 1990s, Peru was run ... by its secret-police chief, Vladimiro Montesinos Torres.

[6] Vargas Llosa, Mario (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.

[7] "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it, Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.

[8] Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead

[9] "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces

[10] "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead

[:9-8] Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Multi12-10] * Burt, Jo-Marie; Youngers, Coletta A. (2010). "Peruvian precedent: the Fujimori conviction and the ongoing struggle for justice". NACLA Report on the Americas. 43 (2): 6. doi:10.1080/10714839.2010.11722203. S2CID 157981443. Peru's vibrant human rights community, which fought tirelessly to confront impunity, end the Fujimori dictatorship
Contesse, Jorge (July 2019). "Inter-American Court of Human Rights – presidential pardon – anti-impunity – conventionality control". American Journal of International Law. 113 (3): 568. doi:10.1017/ajil.2019.28. S2CID 199175644. the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Court) ordered Peru to review the presidential pardon granted to former president and dictator Alberto Fujimori

Dzero, Irina (Summer 2016). "La fiesta del Chivo, novel and film: on the transition to democracy in Latin America". Latin American Research Review. 51 (3): 85–100. doi:10.1353/lar.2016.0035. S2CID 152210483. the dictator Fujimori fled

Brickner, Rachel K. (2006). "Assessing Fujimori's Peru". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 7 (2): 160. Fujimori's rule as a dictator lasted for nearly ten years

Frantz, Erica; Geddes, Barbara (April 2016). "The legacy of dictatorship for democratic parties in Latin America". Journal of Politics in Latin America. 8 (1). German Institute for Global and Area Studies: 3–32. doi:10.1177/1866802X1600800101. S2CID 55466885. in Peru the first dictatorial support party was created by General Manuel Odria ... and the second completely different one by President Alberto Fujimori

Lesser, Jeffrey; Hu-DeHart, Evelyn; Lopez-Calvo, Ignacio (Fall 2017). "Why Asia and Latin America?". Verge: Studies in Global Asias. 3 (2): 1. doi:10.5749/vergstudglobasia.3.2.0001. S2CID 166028670. former Peruvian dictator Alberto Fujimori often dressed as a samurai and as an Inca as part of his campaign publicity

Collyns, Dan (3 June 2021). "Leftist teacher takes on dictator's daughter as Peru picks new president". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

[13] Contesse, Jorge (July 2019). "Inter-American Court of Human Rights – presidential pardon – anti-impunity – conventionality control". American Journal of International Law. 113 (3): 568. doi:10.1017/ajil.2019.28. S2CID 199175644. the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Court) ordered Peru to review the presidential pardon granted to former president and dictator Alberto Fujimori

[14] Dzero, Irina (Summer 2016). "La fiesta del Chivo, novel and film: on the transition to democracy in Latin America". Latin American Research Review. 51 (3): 85–100. doi:10.1353/lar.2016.0035. S2CID 152210483. the dictator Fujimori fled

[15] Brickner, Rachel K. (2006). "Assessing Fujimori's Peru". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 7 (2): 160. Fujimori's rule as a dictator lasted for nearly ten years

[16] Frantz, Erica; Geddes, Barbara (April 2016). "The legacy of dictatorship for democratic parties in Latin America". Journal of Politics in Latin America. 8 (1). German Institute for Global and Area Studies: 3–32. doi:10.1177/1866802X1600800101. S2CID 55466885. in Peru the first dictatorial support party was created by General Manuel Odria ... and the second completely different one by President Alberto Fujimori

[17] Lesser, Jeffrey; Hu-DeHart, Evelyn; Lopez-Calvo, Ignacio (Fall 2017). "Why Asia and Latin America?". Verge: Studies in Global Asias. 3 (2): 1. doi:10.5749/vergstudglobasia.3.2.0001. S2CID 166028670. former Peruvian dictator Alberto Fujimori often dressed as a samurai and as an Inca as part of his campaign publicity

[18] Collyns, Dan (3 June 2021). "Leftist teacher takes on dictator's daughter as Peru picks new president". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

[:23-11] “Guzmán, Abimael (Comrade Gonzalo).” Terrorism Reference Library. Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/guzMan-abimael-comradegonzalo

[:19-12] Cite error: The named reference :19 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:26-13] Ferrero Costa, Eduardo (1993). "Peru's Presidential Coup". Journal of Democracy. 4 (1): 28–40. ISSN 1086-3214.

[LUM-14] "Congreso declara la vacancia de Fujimori por permanente incapacidad moral". Centro de Documentación e Investigación LUM. Ministry of Culture of Peru. 22 November 2000. Archived from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.

[15] "Japan: Fujimori To Be Treated As Japanese Citizen - 2001-08-03". Voice of America. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2025.

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His Excellency Alberto Fujimori
藤森謙也アルベルト・フジモリ
Fujimori in 1991

54th President of Peru
In office 28 July 1990 – 22 November 2000^[a]
Prime Minister	See list Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller Carlos Torres y Torres Lara Alfonso de los Heros Óscar de la Puente Raygada Alfonso Bustamante Efraín Goldenberg Dante Córdova Blanco Alberto Pandolfi Javier Valle Riestra Víctor Joy Way Alberto Bustamante Belaúnde Federico Salas
Vice President	See list First Vice Presidents Máximo San Román (1990–1992) Vacant (1992–1995) Ricardo Márquez Flores (1995–2000) Francisco Tudela (July–November 2000) Second Vice Presidents Carlos García y García (1990–1992) Vacant (1992–1995) César Paredes Canto (1995–2000) Ricardo Márquez Flores (July–November 2000)
Preceded by	Alan García
Succeeded by	Valentín Paniagua
President of the Emergency and National Reconstruction Government
In office 5 April 1992 – 9 January 1993
Preceded by	Post established
Succeeded by	Post abolished

Personal details
Born	Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto (1938-07-26)26 July 1938 Lima, Peru
Died	11 September 2024(2024-09-11) (aged 86) Lima, Peru
Resting place	Campo Fe Huachipa Cemetery
Citizenship	Peru Japan
Political party	Change 90 (1990–1998) Sí Cumple (1998–2010) People's New Party (2007–2013) Popular Force (2024)
Other political affiliations	New Majority (1992–1998, non-affiliated member) Peru 2000 (1999–2001) Alliance for the Future (2005–2010) Change 21 (2018–2019)
Spouses	Susana Higuchi (m. 1974; div. 1995) Satomi Kataoka (m. 2006)
Children	4, including Keiko and Kenji
Relatives	Santiago Fujimori (brother)
Alma mater	National Agrarian University (BS) University of Strasbourg University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (MS)
Signature
Website	alberto.fujimori.pe
Criminal information
Criminal status	Convicted^[1]

Criminal charge	Human rights abuses, murder, kidnapping, embezzlement, abuse of power, bribery and corruption
Penalty	25 years in prison (Human rights abuses, murder and kidnapping charges) Six years in prison (Abuse of power charges) Seven-and-a-half years in prison (Embezzlement charges) Six years in prison (Corruption and bribery charges)