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Algeria

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Algeria (disambiguation).

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية (Arabic)
al-Jumhūriyatu l-Jazāʾiriyatu d-Dīmuqrāṭiyatu sh‑Shaʿbiyah
Motto: بِالشَّعْبِ و لِلشَّعْبِ
"Biš-šaʿb wa liš-šaʿb"
"By the people and for the people"[1][2]
Anthem: قَسَمًا
Qasaman
"We Pledge"
Location of Algeria (dark green)
Location of Algeria (dark green)
Capital
and largest city
Algiers
36°42′N 3°13′E / 36.700°N 3.217°E / 36.700; 3.217
Official languages
National vernacularAlgerian Arabic[a]
Foreign languagesFrench[b]
English[c]
Ethnic groups
(2024)[d]
Religion
(2012)[15]
Demonym(s)Algerian
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic
• President
Abdelmadjid Tebboune
Nadir Larbaoui
Salah Goudjil
Ibrahim Boughali
LegislatureParliament
• Upper house
Council of the Nation
• Lower house
People's National Assembly
Formation
• Numidia
202 BC
1516
5 July 1830
5 July 1962
Area
• Total
2,381,741 km2 (919,595 sq mi) (10th)
Population
• 2022 estimate
45,400,000[16] (33rd)
• Density
19/km2 (49.2/sq mi) (171th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $768.52 billion, 2024 est.)[17] (39th)
• Per capita
Increase $16,483 (2024 est.)[17] (99th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $266.78 billion (2024 est.)[17] (50th)
• Per capita
Increase $5,722 (2024 est.)[17] (109th)
Gini (2011)27.6[18][19]
low inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.745[20]
high (93rd)
CurrencyAlgerian dinar (DZD)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Drives onright
Calling code+213
ISO 3166 codeDZ
Internet TLD

Algeria,[e] officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria,[f] is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.

Algeria has been at the crossroads of numerous cultures and civilizations, including the Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantine Greeks, and Turks. Following a succession of Islamic Arab and Berber dynasties between the eighth and 15th centuries, the Regency of Algiers was established in 1516 as a largely independent tributary state of the Ottoman Empire. After nearly three centuries as a major power in the Mediterranean, the country was invaded by France in 1830 and formally annexed in 1848, though it was not fully conquered and pacified until 1903. French rule brought mass European settlement that displaced the local population, which was reduced by up to one-third due to warfare, disease, and starvation.[21] The Sétif and Guelma massacre in 1945 catalysed local resistance that culminated in the outbreak of the Algerian War in 1954. Algeria gained its independence in 1962. The country descended into a bloody civil war from 1991 to 2002.

Spanning 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the world's tenth-largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa.[22] It has a semi-arid climate, with the Sahara desert dominating most of the territory except for its fertile and mountainous north, where most of the population is concentrated. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the tenth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. Algeria's official languages are Arabic and Tamazight; French is used in media, education, and certain administrative matters. Sunni Islam is the official religion and practised by 99 percent of the population.[13]

Algeria is a semi-presidential republic composed of 58 provinces (wilayas) and 1,541 communes. It is a regional power in North Africa and a middle power in global affairs. The country has the second-highest Human Development Index in continental Africa and one of the largest economies in Africa, due mostly to its large petroleum and natural gas reserves, which are the sixteenth and ninth-largest in the world, respectively. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa and a major supplier of natural gas to Europe. The Algerian military is one of the largest in Africa, with the highest defence budget on the continent and among the highest in the world (ranks 22nd globally).[23] Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, the OIC, OPEC, the United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, of which it is a founding member.

  1. ^ "Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11". El-mouradia.dz. language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  2. ^ "Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11". Apn-dz.org. 28 November 1996. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  3. ^ "What Languages Are Spoken In Algeria?". WorldAtlas. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference EB-2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ DK (1 August 2016). Reference World Atlas: Everything You Need to Know About Our Planet Today. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-241-28679-1. Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%
  6. ^ a b Seddon, David (11 January 2013). A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-135-35561-6. The population was estimated at 32,277,942 in July 2002, of which 75% were Arabs, 24% Berbers, and 1% others (mostly Europeans).
  7. ^ a b DK (27 January 2005). FT World Desk Reference 2005. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4053-6726-4. Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%. The population is predominantly Arab, under 30 years of age and urban; some 24% are Berber. More than 85% speak Arabic and 99% are Sunni Muslim.
  8. ^ a b "Algeria - History Background". education.stateuniversity.com. Retrieved 18 August 2024. The combined Arab-Berber people comprise more than 99 percent of the population (Arabs approximately 80 percent; Berbers 20 percent), with Europeans less than one percent.
  9. ^ a b Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015). Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment. Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-11633-0. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. Ethnically the population is made up of about 80% Arabic and 20% Berber.
  10. ^ Bouherar, Salim; Ghafsi, Abderrezzaq (3 January 2022). Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-89324-8. In Algeria, on the other hand, Berberists supported by France ask to expand the use of Tamazight even on Arabs who represent 80% of Algerian population.
  11. ^ Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015). Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8108-7919-5. Most Algerians, approximately 85 percent of the population, today claim an Arab background.
  12. ^ "Algeria Ethnic Groups". study.com. Retrieved 18 August 2024. Partly due to the strong association between Islam and Arab identity, there is a fair amount of social pressure in Algeria to identify with Arab ancestry. In fact, roughly 85% of the nation identifies much more strongly with their Arab heritage than their Berber heritage.
  13. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference AlgeriaFactbook was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference DK-2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ "Algeria". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 March 2021. (Archived 2021 edition.)
  16. ^ "Démographie" [Demography] (PDF). Office National des Statistiques (in French). 1 January 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  17. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  18. ^ "Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  19. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  20. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  21. ^ "Algeria – Colonial rule". Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  22. ^ "Africa: largest countries by area 2020". Statista. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Defense Budget by Country (2024)". globalfirepower.com. Retrieved 2 August 2024.


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