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| Allium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Allium sativum[2] | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Allioideae |
| Tribe: | Allieae |
| Genus: | Allium L. |
| Type species | |
| Allium sativum | |
| Evolutionary lines | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
|
Synonymy
| |
Allium is a large genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants with around 1000 accepted species,[4][5] making Allium the largest genus in the family Amaryllidaceae and amongst the largest plant genera in the world.[6] Many of the species are edible, and some have a long history of cultivation and human consumption as a vegetable including the onion, garlic, scallions, shallots, leeks, and chives, with onions being the second most grown vegetable globally after tomatoes as of 2023.[7][8]
Allium species occur in temperate climates of the Northern Hemisphere, except for a few species occurring in Chile (such as A. juncifolium), Brazil (A. sellovianum), and tropical Africa (A. spathaceum). They vary in height between 5–150 centimetres (2–59 in). The flowers form an umbel at the top of a leafless stalk. The bulbs vary in size between species, from small (around 2–3 mm in diameter) to rather large (8–10 cm). Some species (such as Welsh onion A. fistulosum and leeks (A. ampeloprasum)) develop thickened leaf-bases rather than forming bulbs as such.
Carl Linnaeus first described the genus Allium in 1753. The generic name Allium is the Latin word for garlic,[9][10] and the type species for the genus is Allium sativum which means "cultivated garlic".[11] The decision to include a species in the genus Allium is taxonomically difficult, and species boundaries are unclear. Estimates of the number of species are as low as 260,[12] and as high as 979.[13] In the APG III classification system, Allium is placed in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Allioideae (formerly the family Alliaceae).[14] In some of the older classification systems, Allium was placed in Liliaceae.[15][16][17][18][19] Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown this circumscription of Liliaceae is not monophyletic.
Various Allium species have been cultivated from the earliest times. About a dozen species are economically important as crops, or garden vegetables, and an increasing number of species are important as ornamental plants.[15][16] Plants of the genus produce chemical compounds, mostly derived from cysteine sulfoxides, that give them a characteristic onion or garlic taste and odor.[15] Many are used as food plants, though not all members of the genus are equally flavorful. In most cases, both bulb and leaves are edible. The characteristic Allium flavor depends on the sulfate content of the soil the plant grows in.[15] In the rare occurrence of sulfur-free growth conditions, all Allium species completely lose their usual pungency.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Linnaeuswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "1793 illustration from William Woodville: "Medical botany", London, James Phillips, 1793, Vol. 3, Plate 168: Allium sativum (Garlic). Hand-coloured engraving". Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
- ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ "Allium L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
- ^ "WFO Plant List World Flora Online". wfoplantlist.org. Retrieved 2024-11-23.
- ^ Frodin, David G. (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". Taxon. 53 (3): 753–776. Bibcode:2004Taxon..53..753F. doi:10.2307/4135449. JSTOR 4135449.
- ^ Rabinowitch, Haim; Thomas, Brian, eds. (2022). Edible alliums: botany, production and uses. Boston: CAB International. ISBN 978-1-78924-997-2.
- ^ Ray, Ramesh C. (2024). Roots, Tubers, and Bulb Crop Wastes: Management by Biorefinery Approaches. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-99-8266-0.
- ^ Quattrocchi 1999, vol. 1 p. 91.
- ^ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 43
- ^ Allium In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see § External links below).
- ^ Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70-78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8
- ^ The Plant List, for genus Allium
- ^ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009). "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 132–136. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x.
- ^ a b c d Eric Block (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-190-9.
- ^ a b Dilys Davies (1992). Alliums: The Ornamental Onions. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-241-7.
- ^ James L. Brewster, "Onions and Other Alliums" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2008)
- ^ Haim D. Rabinowitch, Leslie Currah, "Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2002)
- ^ Penny Woodward, "Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums" (South Melbourne: Hyland House, 1996)
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