Alternative media

Alternative media are media sources that differ from established forms of media, such as mainstream media or mass media, in terms of their content, production, or distribution.^[1] Alternative media includes many formats, including print, audio, film/video, online/digital and street art, among others. Some examples include the counter-culture zines of the 1960s, ethnic and indigenous media such as the First People's television network in Canada (later rebranded Aboriginal Peoples Television Network), and more recently online open publishing journalism sites such as Indymedia.

Sometimes the term independent media is used as a synonym, indicating independence from large media corporations. However, the term "independent media" generally has a different meaning, indicating freedom of the press and independence from government control.

In contrast to the mainstream media, alternative media tend to be "non-commercial projects that advocate the interests of those excluded from the mainstream", for example, the poor, political and ethnic minorities, labor groups, and LGBT identities.^[2] These media spread marginalized viewpoints, such as those heard in the progressive news program Democracy Now!. They also create identity-based communities, such as in the It Gets Better Project that was posted on YouTube in response to a rise in gay teen suicides at the time of its creation.^{[citation needed]}

Alternative media challenge the dominant beliefs and values of a culture. They have been described as "counter-hegemonic" by adherents of Antonio Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony. However, since the definition of alternative media as merely counter to the mainstream is limiting, some approaches to the study of alternative media also address the question of how and where these media are created, as well as the dynamic relationship between the media and the participants that create and use them.^[3]^[4]

^ Downing, John (2001). Radical Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.^{[ISBN missing]}^{[page needed]}
^ Atton, Chris. (2002). Alternative Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
^ Lievrouw, L. (2011). Introduction. In Alternative and Activist New Media (pp. 1–27). Polity.
^ Rodriguez, C. (2001). Fissures in the Mediascape. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

[Downing,_John_2001-1] Downing, John (2001). Radical Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.^{[ISBN missing]}^{[page needed]}

[2] Atton, Chris. (2002). Alternative Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

[3] Lievrouw, L. (2011). Introduction. In Alternative and Activist New Media (pp. 1–27). Polity.

[:4-4] Rodriguez, C. (2001). Fissures in the Mediascape. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]