Amr ibn al-As

Amr ibn al-As عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ
The Amr ibn al-As Mosque in Fustat, Egypt
Governor of Egypt
In office 640–646
Monarchs	Umar (r. 640–644) Uthman (r. 644–646)
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Abd Allah ibn Sa'd
In office August/September 658 – 664
Monarch	Mu'awiya I (r. 661–664)
Preceded by	Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr or Malik ibn al-Harith[a]
Succeeded by	Abd Allah ibn Amr Utba ibn Abi Sufyan[b]
Governor of Palestine
In office 634–639
Monarchs	Abu Bakr (r. 634–634) Umar (r. 634–639))
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Alqama ibn Mujazziz
Personal details
Born	c. 573 Mecca, Hejaz
Died	c. 664(664-00-00) (aged 90–91) Egypt, Umayyad Caliphate
Spouse(s)	Rayta or Hind bint Munabbih ibn al-Hajjaj Unnamed woman from Bali tribe Umm Kulthum bint Uqba
Relations	Banu Sahm (clan)
Children	Abd Allah Muhammad
Parent(s)	Al-As ibn Wa'il Al-Nabigha bint Harmala
Military service
Allegiance	Muhammad (629–632) Rashidun Caliphate (632–658) Mu'awiya I (658–664)
Years of service	657–658 629–646
Battles/wars	Campaigns of Muhammad Raid of Dhat al-Salasil (629) Muslim conquest of Syria Battle of Dathin (634) Battle of Ajnadayn (634) Battle of Fahl (635) Siege of Damascus (635) Battle of the Yarmuk (636) Muslim conquest of Egypt Battle of Heliopolis (640) Siege of Babylon Fortress (640–641) Siege of Alexandria (641–642) Battle of Nikiou (646) First Fitna Battle of Siffin (657) Battle of al-Musannah (658)

Amr ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi (Arabic: عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ بْنِ وَائِل السَّهْمِي, romanized: ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil al-Sahmī; c. 573 – 664) was the Arab commander who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy Qurayshite, Amr embraced Islam in c. 629 and was assigned important roles in the nascent Muslim community by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The first caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) appointed Amr as a commander of the conquest of Syria. He conquered most of Palestine, to which he was appointed governor, and helped lead the Arabs to decisive victories over the Byzantines at the battles of Ajnadayn and the Yarmuk in 634 and 636.

Amr launched the conquest of Egypt on his own initiative in late 639, defeating the Byzantines in a string of victories ending with the surrender of Alexandria in 641 or 642. It was the swiftest of the early Muslim conquests. This was followed by westward advances by Amr as far as Tripoli in present-day Libya. In a treaty signed with the Byzantine governor Cyrus, Amr guaranteed the security of Egypt's population and imposed a poll tax on non-Muslim adult males. He maintained the Coptic-dominated bureaucracy and cordial ties with the Coptic patriarch Benjamin. He founded Fustat as the provincial capital with the mosque later called after him at its center. Amr ruled relatively independently, acquired significant wealth, and upheld the interests of the Arab conquerors who formed Fustat's garrison in relation to the central authorities in Medina. After gradually diluting Amr's authority, Caliph Uthman (r. 644–656) dismissed him in 646 after accusations of incompetency from his successor Abd Allah ibn Sa'd.

After mutineers from Egypt assassinated Uthman, Amr distanced himself from their cause, despite previously instigating opposition against Uthman. In the ensuing First Fitna, Amr joined Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan against Caliph Ali (r. 656–661) due to promises of the governorship of Egypt and its tax revenues. Amr served as Mu'awiya's representative in the abortive arbitration talks to end the war. Afterward, he wrested control of Egypt from Ali's loyalists, killing its governor Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, and assumed the governorship instead. Mu'awiya kept him in his post after establishing the Umayyad Caliphate in 661 and Amr ruled the province until his death.

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