Androdioecy

Androdioecy is a reproductive system characterized by the coexistence of males and hermaphrodites. Androdioecy is rare in comparison with the other major reproductive systems: dioecy, gynodioecy and hermaphroditism.^[1] In animals, androdioecy has been considered a stepping stone in the transition from dioecy to hermaphroditism, and vice versa.^[2]

Androdioecy, trioecy and gynodioecy are sometimes referred to as a mixed mating systems.^[3] Androdioecy is a dimorphic sexual system in plants comparable with gynodioecy and dioecy.^[4]

^ Pannell, JR. (2002). "The evolution and maintenance of androdioecy". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 33: 397–425. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150419.
^ Weeks, SC (2012). "The role of androdioecy and gynodioecy in mediating evolutionary transitions between dioecy and hermaphroditism in the Animalia". Evolution. 66 (12): 3670–3686. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01714.x. PMID 23206127. S2CID 3198554.
^ Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9.
^ Torices, Rubén; Méndez, Marcos; Gómez, José María (2011). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms". New Phytologist. 190 (1): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336.

[1] Pannell, JR. (2002). "The evolution and maintenance of androdioecy". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 33: 397–425. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150419.

[weeks2012-2] Weeks, SC (2012). "The role of androdioecy and gynodioecy in mediating evolutionary transitions between dioecy and hermaphroditism in the Animalia". Evolution. 66 (12): 3670–3686. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01714.x. PMID 23206127. S2CID 3198554.

[Fusco-2019-3] Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9.

[4] Torices, Rubén; Méndez, Marcos; Gómez, José María (2011). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms". New Phytologist. 190 (1): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336.

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