Anonymous (film)

Anonymous
Anonymous
	Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Roland Emmerich
Written by	John Orloff
Produced by	Roland Emmerich; Larry Franco; Robert Leger;
Starring	Rhys Ifans; Vanessa Redgrave; Joely Richardson; David Thewlis; Xavier Samuel; Sebastian Armesto; Rafe Spall; Edward Hogg; Jamie Campbell Bower; Derek Jacobi;
Cinematography	Anna Foerster
Edited by	Peter R. Adam
Music by	Thomas Wander; Harald Kloser;
Production; companies	Columbia Pictures; Anonymous Pictures; Centropolis Entertainment; Relativity Media; Studio Babelsberg Motion Pictures;
Distributed by	Sony Pictures Releasing
Release dates	September 11, 2011 (TIFF); October 28, 2011 (United States); November 10, 2011 (Germany);
Running time	130 minutes
Countries	Germany; United States;
Language	English
Budget	$30 million
Box office	$15.4 million

Anonymous is a 2011 period drama film directed by Roland Emmerich^[3] and written by John Orloff. The film is a fictionalized version of the life of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, an Elizabethan courtier, playwright, poet and patron of the arts, and suggests he was the actual author of William Shakespeare's plays.^[4] It stars Rhys Ifans as de Vere and Vanessa Redgrave as Queen Elizabeth I of England.

The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2011.^[5] Produced by Centropolis Entertainment and Studio Babelsberg and distributed by Columbia Pictures, Anonymous was released on October 28, 2011 in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, expanding to theatres around the world in the following weeks. The film was a box office flop and received mixed reviews, with critics praising its performances and visual achievements, but criticising the film's time-jumping format, factual errors, and promotion of the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship.^[6]

^ British Board of Film Classification 2011
^ ^a ^b "Anonymous (2011)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ Secret Defence: Roland Emmerich's "Anonymous" on Notebook|MUBI
^ May 1980, p. 9
^ Evans, Ian (2011). "Anonymous premiere – 36th Toronto International Film Festival". DigitalHit.com. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
^ Robert Sawyer,'Biographical Aftershocks: Shakespeare and Marlowe in the Wake of 9/11', in Critical Survey, Berghahn publishers, Volume 25, Number 1 (Spring) 2013 pp. 19–32, p. 28: 'While the rivalry with Marlowe is not a central feature of the movie, wild conjecture is. As Douglas Lanier has recently posited, the movie displays a 'pile-up of factual errors', borrowing more from a long 'list of intercinematic' references rather than any reliance on 'fidelity to the verifiable historical record'.

[1] British Board of Film Classification 2011

[BOM-2] "Anonymous (2011)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

[3] Secret Defence: Roland Emmerich's "Anonymous" on Notebook|MUBI

[4] May 1980, p. 9

[Evans2011-5] Evans, Ian (2011). "Anonymous premiere – 36th Toronto International Film Festival". DigitalHit.com. Retrieved January 7, 2012.

[6] Robert Sawyer,'Biographical Aftershocks: Shakespeare and Marlowe in the Wake of 9/11', in Critical Survey, Berghahn publishers, Volume 25, Number 1 (Spring) 2013 pp. 19–32, p. 28: 'While the rivalry with Marlowe is not a central feature of the movie, wild conjecture is. As Douglas Lanier has recently posited, the movie displays a 'pile-up of factual errors', borrowing more from a long 'list of intercinematic' references rather than any reliance on 'fidelity to the verifiable historical record'.

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