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Anti-Judaism denotes a spectrum of historical and contemporary ideologies that are fundamentally or partially rooted in opposition to Judaism. It encompasses the rejection or abrogation of the Mosaic covenant and advocates for the supersession of Judaism and Jewish identity by proponents of other religious, political-ideological, or theological frameworks, which assert their own precedence as the "light unto the nations" or as the chosen people of God. The opposition is often perpetuated through the reinterpretation and appropriation of Jewish prophecy and texts, reflecting a complex interplay of belief systems that challenge Jews' internally and externally conceived distinctiveness. David Nirenberg posits that the theme has manifested throughout history, including in contemporary and early Christianity, Islam, nationalism, Enlightenment rationalism, and in socioeconomic contexts.[1]
Douglas R. A. Hare found at least three anti-Judaisms in history. The first is prophetic anti-Judaism: the criticism of Judaism's beliefs and religious practices. The second is Jewish Christian anti-Judaism: the form taken amongst Jews who believe that Jesus of Nazareth was the Jewish Messiah. The third type he defined was gentilizing anti-Judaism, which emphasizes the gentile character of the new movement (i.e., Christianity) and asserts God's formal rejection of Jews as a people.[2] Most scholarly analyses appear concerned with the phenomenon described by his third type.
According to Gavin I. Langmuir, anti-Judaism is based on "total or partial opposition to Judaism as a religion—and the total or partial opposition to Jews as adherents of it—by persons who accept a competing system of beliefs and practices and consider certain genuine Judaic beliefs and practices inferior."[3]
As the rejection of a particular religion or particular way of thinking about God, anti-Judaism is distinct from antisemitism. Still, historically, it has also encouraged the development of racial antisemitism, a racist ideology that was articulated in the 19th century.[citation needed] Some scholars[weasel words] have found intersections between theology and racism, and as a result, coined the term religious antisemitism. An example of religious anti-Judaism is the Islamic doctrine known as tahrif.[4]
- ^ Nirenberg (2013), Ch. 3, The Early Church: Making Sense of the World in Jewish Terms.
- ^ Dunn, James D. G. (1999). "The Question of Anti-semitism in the New Testament". In Dunn, James D. G. (ed.). Jews and Christians (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 180. ISBN 0-8028-4498-7. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ^ Langmuir (1971, 383), [1] cited by Abulafia (1998, part II, 77).
- ^ Nirenberg (2013), Ch. 4, "To every prophet an adversary": Jewish Enmity in Islam.
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