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Antisocial personality disorder

Not to be confused with Asociality, Introversion, or Anti-social behavior.
"ASPD" redirects here. For the sleep disorder, see Advanced sleep phase disorder. For the former trade union, see Amalgamated Society of Painters and Decorators.

Antisocial personality disorder
Other namessociopathy
SpecialtyPsychiatry
SymptomsPervasive deviance, deception, impulsivity, irritability, aggression, recklessness, manipulation, callous and unemotional traits and feelings of contempt
Usual onsetChildhood or early adolescence[1]
DurationLong term[2]
Risk factorsFamily history, poverty[2]
Differential diagnosisPsychopathy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, substance use disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, schizophrenia, criminal behavior, oppositional defiant disorder[2]
PrognosisPoor
Frequency0.2% to 3.3% in a given year[2]
Personality disorders
Cluster A (odd)
Cluster B (dramatic)
Cluster C (anxious)
Not otherwise specified
Depressive
Others

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD or APD) is a personality disorder characterized by a limited capacity for empathy and a long-term pattern of disregard or violation of the rights of others.[3][4] Other notable symptoms include impulsivity, reckless behavior (including substance abuse), a lack of remorse after hurting others, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and aggressive behavior.[5][6]

Symptoms of ASPD must be present before the age of 15 to receive a diagnosis.[7] Antisocial behaviours often have their onset before the age of 8, and in nearly 80% of ASPD cases, the subject will develop their first symptoms by age 11.[8] The prevalence of ASPD increases in people aged 24 to 44 and often decreases in people aged 45 to 64.[8][9] ASPD is more common in males than females.[10] In the United States, the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder in the general population is estimated to be between 1% and 4%.[9]

Personality disorders are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring and inflexible maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by any culture. These patterns develop in early adulthood and are associated with significant distress or impairment.[11][12][13] Criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the fifth chapter of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Dissocial personality disorder (DPD) is another term for the same general disorder used in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD).[14] Both have been referred to as psychopathy or sociopathy; however, some researchers have drawn distinctions between the concepts of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, with many arguing that psychopathy overlaps with but is distinguishable from ASPD.[15][16][17][18][19] Furthermore, ASPD can sometimes be confused with being asocial. While their disregard for other people characterizes the first sign, the latter is characterized by a lack of interest in social activities.[20]

  1. ^ "Antisocial Personality Disorder". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 661, ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8
  3. ^ "Antisocial Personality Disorder: Often Overlooked and Untreated". American Psychiatric Association. 29 December 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Antisocial personality disorder". nhs.uk. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  5. ^ Mayo Clinic Staff (2 April 2016). "Overview- Antisocial personality disorder". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  6. ^ Berger FK (29 July 2016). "Antisocial personality disorder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  7. ^ Fisher KA, Hany M (2023), "Antisocial Personality Disorder", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31536279, retrieved 13 July 2023
  8. ^ a b Black DW (July 2015). "The Natural History of Antisocial Personality Disorder". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 60 (7): 309–314. doi:10.1177/070674371506000703. ISSN 0706-7437. PMC 4500180. PMID 26175389.
  9. ^ a b "Antisocial Personality Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Compton2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 646–49. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  12. ^ Berríos GE (1993). "European views on personality disorders: a conceptual history". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 34 (1). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: W.B. Saunders Ltd: 14–30. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(93)90031-X. PMID 8425387.
  13. ^ Theodore Millon, Roger D. Davis (1996). Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. New York City: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-471-01186-6.
  14. ^ "Dissocial Personality Disorder (Antisocial Personality Disorder)". patient.info. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  15. ^ Patrick CJ (2005). Handbook of Psychopathy. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-60623-804-2.
  16. ^ Hare RD (1 February 1996). "Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion". Psychiatric Times. 13 (2). New York City: UBM plc. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  17. ^ Hare RD, Hart SD, Harpur TJ (August 1991). "Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder" (PDF). Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 100 (3): 391–8. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.391. PMID 1918618. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  18. ^ Semple D, Smyth R, Burns J, Darjee R, McIntosh A (2005). The Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 448–449. ISBN 978-0-19-852783-1.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference gap was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Peterson A (2019). "What is…Antisocial vs. Asocial". Mental Health @ Home.

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