Apennine culture

Apennine culture
	Western Europe during the Middle Bronze Age: the Apennine culture is in blue, while the Terramare culture is in yellow
Geographical range	Central Italy, South Italy
Period	Bronze Age
Dates	15th-12th centuries BC
Preceded by	Grotta Nuova facies, Protoapennine facies, Bell Beaker culture
Followed by	Proto-Villanovan culture

The Apennine culture is a technology complex in central and southern Italy from the Italian Middle Bronze Age (15th–14th centuries BC).^[1] In the mid-20th century the Apennine was divided into Proto-, Early, Middle and Late sub- phases^[1], but now archaeologists prefer to consider as "Apennine" only the ornamental pottery style of the later phase of Middle Bronze Age (BM3). This phase is preceded by the Grotta Nuova facies (central Italy) and by the Protoapennine B facies (southern Italy) and succeeded by the Subapennine facies of 13th-century ("Bronzo Recente"). Apennine pottery is a burnished ware incised with spirals, meanders and geometrical zones, filled with dots or transverse dashes. It has been found on Ischia island in association with LHII and LHIII pottery and on Lipari in association with LHIIIA pottery, which associations date it to the Late Bronze Age as it is defined in Greece and the Aegean.^[2]

^ ^a ^b Coles, John M.; Harding, A. F. (1979). The bronze age in Europe: an introduction to the prehistory of Europe, c. 2000–700 BC (illustrated ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-416-70650-5.
^ Bury, J. B.; I E S Edwards; C. J. Gadd; John Boardman; N. G. L. Hammond (1975). P. Mack Crew (ed.). The Cambridge Ancient History: c. 1800–1380 B.C. Vol. II, part 2: c. 1380–1000 B.C. (3, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 720. ISBN 978-0-521-08691-2.

[coles165-1] Coles, John M.; Harding, A. F. (1979). The bronze age in Europe: an introduction to the prehistory of Europe, c. 2000–700 BC (illustrated ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-416-70650-5.

[CAH720-2] Bury, J. B.; I E S Edwards; C. J. Gadd; John Boardman; N. G. L. Hammond (1975). P. Mack Crew (ed.). The Cambridge Ancient History: c. 1800–1380 B.C. Vol. II, part 2: c. 1380–1000 B.C. (3, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 720. ISBN 978-0-521-08691-2.

[1]

[2]